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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.57.08.9
How to Cite:
Tkachova, N., Tokareva, V., Shumliaieva, I., Korolkov, V., & Rysin, M. (2022). Institutional stability of public administration in
conditions of sustainable development: geopolitical aspect. Amazonia Investiga, 11(57), 82-91.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.57.08.9
Institutional stability of public administration in conditions of
sustainable development: geopolitical aspect
Estabilidad institucional de la administración pública en condiciones de desarrollo
sostenible: aspecto geopolítico
Received: September 2, 2022 Accepted: October 25, 2022
Written by:
Nataliia Tkachova23
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-0126
Valentyna Tokareva24
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4304-2617
Iryna Shumliaieva25
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5727-8888
Vladyslav Korolkov26
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3593-8512
Mariia Rysin27
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-5688
Abstract
The relevance of the question of the development
of public administration in the modern world is
important because it is one of the decisive factors
affecting the well-being of each state.
The purpose of the article is to identify the
problems faced by modern institutions of public
administration, as well as the ways of their
development based on consideration of the
management system of the two leading countries
of the world.
During the research, the following methods of
the theoretical block were used: analysis,
synthesis, concretization, and generalization of
information.
The following conclusions were made as a result
of the study: the historical development and the
current state of public administration in China
and the United States were analyzed. It was
determined that the modern confrontation
between the U.S. and China will intensify in the
future and one of the areas of struggle will be the
system of governance. It was found out that the
23
Doctor of Public Administration, Professor Professor of Department of Theory and Practice of Management National Technical
University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine, Kyiv, Faculty of Sociology and Law, Department of
Theory and Practice of Management 37, Ukraine.
24
Doctor of Science in Public Administration, Professor Department of Marketing and Tourism Mariupol State University, Ukraine.
25
PhD. in Public Administration, Assoc. Prof. Department of Public Administration and Local Self-Government Dnipro University
of Technology, Ukraine.
26
Candidate of Economic Sciences (Ph.D), Docent, Dean Economics and Management Faculty National University "Zaporizhzhia
Polytechnic", Ukraine.
27
PhD, Associate professor Associate Professor of Theoretical and Applied Economics Department Lviv Polytechnic National
University, Ukraine.
Tkachova, N., Tokareva, V., Shumliaieva, I., Korolkov, V., Rysin, M. / Volume 11 - Issue 57: 82-91 / September, 2022
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main problem of modern management in
democratic countries is the presence of
bureaucratic elements, so in the future, there will
be a departure from them, by increasing the
power of managers in the field. The role of
outsourcing in the public administration of the
future was also examined. In general, it was
concluded that the change and sustainability of
institutions depends on the type of states.
This article will be useful, first of all, to
management scientists who study in detail the
phenomenon of public administration and
develop a theory of its reform. Also, the materials
of this article will be useful for political scientists
who study modern geopolitical processes.
Keywords: Governing bodies, democracy,
bureaucracy, leadership, outsourcing.
Introduction
The problem of this study is, first of all, that it is
difficult to define what exactly public
administration is. In general, there is no single
definition of this phenomenon in political
science, taking this into account, (Baranov, 2019)
in his article carried out a review of the positions
of modern scholars on this topic. There are more
prosaic opinions regarding the definition of
public administration, in particular, that it is the
organization of the crowd in order to carry out
public activities, or that it is the use of various
kinds of resources for the embodiment of certain
goals in the country. However, if we go into a
more detailed analysis, we should consider the
historical aspects, namely the fact that
managerial work in the twentieth century was
recognized as a separate kind of activity in
democratic countries, due to the justification of
this by various scientists. Governance is also
characterized by the fact that it extends to
different levels and areas of state activity.
Publicity of governance is guaranteed by the
accountability of governing bodies to citizens, as
well as the involvement of these citizens in
political activity.
Thus, we can say that public governance is an
activity related to the implementation of various
kinds of state tasks of executive power and is
characterized by transparency and involvement
of citizens in this process.
The main problem of the study is that there is no
universal and ideal form of public administration.
In addition, different countries have slightly
different ways of carrying out this type of
activity, and public administration is constantly
being improved and reformed, so it is necessary
to take into account a number of factors when
considering this topic.
Generally, public administration is carried out at
all levels of state power, but the article will focus
on the local level of public administration
because at this level it is possible to observe
active reform activities in different countries.
Also, the main subject of consideration in public
administration will be the institutions and
authorities.
The geopolitical aspect of this article includes
that the consideration of the development of
public administration will be made in the context
of the foreign policy struggle of two modern
superpowers: China and the United States.
Researchers use the term “New Cold War” in
relation to the kind of confrontation now taking
place between the countries mentioned (Baru,
2021). This struggle is unfolding in various
spheres of state activity, including political.
The main purpose of the research study is to
examine the institutions of public administration,
their future development, and sustainability in
different states.
The study will be divided into two parts, during
which two issues will be considered. The first
question in this article is a comparative analysis
of the public administration of China and the
United States. It is necessary to consider not only
the current state of public administration but also
the history of the development of these countries,
as the historical circumstances have a direct
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impact on the state of the political system of the
mentioned states in the present.
The second issue of this study is to consider what
problems exist in the modern public
administration of democratic countries, as well as
possible ways to solve them. In particular, the
notion of the role of leadership and outsourcing
will be key aspects of the analysis of this issue.
Literature Review
In the course of writing the study, a number of
scientific publications and monographs were
used, which considered various aspects related to
the topics of this article.
The book by Jeval on 2021, A Brief History of
China: From Ancient Dynasties to Modern
Superpower. Jeval describes the entire history of
China in a concise style. Thus, the author
managed to focus on the most important aspects
of the development of the Chinese state.
N. Fergiuson is the author of Civilization
(Fergiuson, 2019), in which he presents the
results of an important study. This study, to a
certain extent, was to compare the development
of European states and China during the
historical period of the Middle Ages. Thus, the
author managed to show the main differences and
peculiarities of China. In addition, the researcher
examines the process of invasion of the British
colonists into this country, in the course of which
he manages to show how the Chinese formed an
aversion to European culture and values. In W.
Lu's article “Public Administration in China -
Evolutions and Modern State” (Liu, 2019)
described the development of the sphere of
public administration proper in the modern sense,
so this study is limited to the time frame from the
end of the twentieth century. In general, the
description of the main aspects of the
development of public policy in the sphere of
governance is revealed in detail, especially in the
context of considering the period of the
development of decentralization in China. As for
modern governance in China, this topic is fully
disclosed in Xi Jinping's book “On Public
Administration in China” (Jinping, 2021).
Another important work by N. Fergiuson is the
book “Empire” (Fergiuson, 2020), in which the
author examines in detail the history of such state
formation as the British Empire, and in the
context of this, he describes the history of the
United States in the early stages of the formation
of this state. As for the history of the United
States as a whole, the study of this topic was
carried out by R. Rimini, who in his work “A
Brief History of the United States” (Rimini,
2022) was able to clearly outline the main points
from the history of this state. In his book,
(Fukuyama, 2019) studied the development of
the political order in the world, analyzing in
detail the course of this process in each country,
including the United States (Fukuyama, 2019).
Such a study was important to the writing of this
article because the author has largely described
the shortcomings of public administration in the
United States. “Institutional Change in Public
Administration as a Trend of Modern
Development” is a scholarly work by (Kozak,
2020a), in which the author analyzes the
experience of institutional change in many
modern countries of the world and derives
general patterns of it. (Baru's book, 2021), The
New Cold War: H. Kissinger and the Rise of
China. (Baru, 2021) describes the escalating
confrontation between the United States and
China in the twenty-first century and draws
attention to the fact that this struggle will
intensify in the future. (Zwich, 2019), in his
article, “A Theory of Public Administration in
the United States”. The author examines what are
the main ways in which public administration in
the U.S. is on the agenda today. This analysis is
quite important in the context of this study
because the main problems of public
administration today have been shown. (Liou et
al, 2022) investigated the role of the leader and
leadership qualities for teamwork, in the course
of which the author managed to draw a number
of important conclusions. A number of Ukrainian
authors in the work “Modern trends and current
problems of education managers training”
(Tsekhmister et. al., 2022) consider the problem
of skills of modern education worker and come
to conclusions necessary for detailed disclosure
of the topic of this study. “Outsourcing as a tool
for strategic planning in public management”
(Mykytyuk et. al., 2021) is also a scientific study
by several Ukrainian authors, during which the
researchers consider such public phenomenon as
outsourcing and its role in creating public
management. (Aragão & Fontana, 2022) also
examines the phenomenon of outsourcing in his
article, but he focuses on how actions on the part
of the state can destroy the interest of other
organizations to participate in public
administration. (Kozak, 2020b) in his research
paper “The State as a Subject of Implementing
Institutional Change in Public Administration”.
The author considered what role the own state
plays in the existence and reform of public
authorities.
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Methodology
General Background
Institutional sustainability of public
administration is quite a broad topic, the study of
which requires the use of a wide range of
methods and the study of a number of issues.
With this in mind, different information was
analyzed, in particular on the topic, of history,
political science, pedagogy. It was important to
consider each aspect in detail, in order to draw
general conclusions.
The methodology
Thus, a number of scientific block methods were
used in the course of this scientific research, and
the study itself was conducted in several stages.
The first stage was the selection of information.
The topic of this article covers many different
aspects, so it was necessary to select appropriate
sources. At this stage, there was also an analysis
of the selected information, because, for
example, the topic of the history of a certain
country is a debatable issue, it was necessary to
analyze it and select the necessary data for this
article.
In the second stage of this research, the method
of information synthesis was used. Since
different aspects related to the topic were
considered in this article, the information
synthesis method became necessary to draw new
conclusions in the process of analyzing different
sources. For example, the information synthesis
method was used when looking at how the
influence of leaders at the local level in public
administration is increasing in the United States,
during which other sources were analyzed and
emphasis was placed on certain factors related to
this trend.
In the third stage of writing the study,
concretization and synthesis methods were used.
The method of concretization became important
for this study because a large amount of
information was expressed in the course of
writing, and it was necessary to pay attention to
the most essential, directly related to the purpose
of this article. The method of summarization was
used to summarize during the course of the
writing. In particular, after reviewing the
historical development of public administration
in different countries, intermediate conclusions
were drawn.
Sample / Participants / Group
This research is theoretical and was done without
scientific experiments or other empirical means.
Nevertheless, this article has benefited from
preliminary research whose primary audience
was the political system of China and the United
States.
Results
Examination of the historical development and
current state of public administration in China
and the United States
Speaking about the historical development of
state administration in China, one should first
understand the geographical features of the
territory where the People's Republic of China is
located, namely the fact that its western part was
enclosed by mountains, due to which the Chinese
civilization was to some extent isolated for a long
period of time, but it managed to create a unique
social and political system. The early phase of
Chinese history was characterized by long wars
in which there was a struggle for power among
the various dynasties. As a result of these
struggles, the Qing dynasty came to power in the
second century B.C. Its reign was rather short but
brutal and bloody (Jaivin, 2021).
China was now establishing a total dictatorship
of the emperor, which implied total submission
to the authority of the ruler. It is also important to
understand that the process of establishing this
type of dictatorship played on a sociocultural
factor, namely the development of the
philosophical doctrine of Legalism. The
representatives of this doctrine substantiated the
necessity of total control by centralized power
and the preservation of a clear hierarchy (Jian,
2022).
After the deposition of the Qing dynasty, the
dictatorial type of government in China did not
disappear. Power was no longer as brutal, but it
remained tyrannical in later times. During the
Middle Ages, China was a highly developed
country compared to other world nations. During
the period of New History, however, Europeans
discover navigation, in the course of which they
discover Chinese culture. As early as the 18th
century, with the strengthening of the British
Empire, there is an active colonization of China.
The Chinese did not accept the British, as the
latter pursued a rather cruel policy toward the
indigenous population, so from this time onward,
Western values (Fergiuson, 2019) became
unacceptable to China.
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The first half of the twentieth century was a
terrible and bloody period for China, ending with
the establishment of communist power. The
period of Mao Zedong's rule was characterized
by the spread of communist norms in terms of
state management, in particular the establishment
of a strong hierarchical government structure,
authoritarian power, and total propaganda.
However, after the death of Mao Zedong, the
democratizing Hu Yaobang came to power.
Thus, the period 1983-1998 saw an active
process of scholarly research on public
administration in China and the introduction of
relevant institutions into the reality of (Keith,
2019).
Figure. Number of published books on public administration in China
Source: (Liu, 2019)
In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the
process of democratization in China continued
actively, which had a positive impact on the field
of public administration, because during this
period there was a decentralization of public
administration. However, with the arrival of Xi
Jin Ping to power, everything has changed, as he
is a strong leader, and in his activity takes a clear
course towards the establishment of a new type
of socialism. This socialism implies the
centralization of state power and, accordingly,
the sphere of public administration (Jinping,
2021). It is important to understand that, given
the historical conditions in which China preceded
it for a long time, a form of authoritarian
centralized government is closer to it than a
democratic one. This country is not characterized
by any type of public administration of its own,
but rather by its existence in the context of the
Chinese paradigm proper. With this in mind, all
managerial functions in China belong to the
central authorities.
However, it should be understood that China is
an active foreign policy player and cooperates
with different countries of the world, so no matter
how much it seeks to create its own paradigm, the
impact of globalization will still be felt. Thus, in
terms of the economy, there is a difficult problem
for China, which is on the one hand to create the
conditions for economic development, but on the
other hand to strengthen the control of
centralized power. To realize this, the Chinese
government has decided to reduce the number of
public administration bodies and increase the
influence on their activities, which resulted in a
certain solution to this problem, but this order
will not last forever, so now China needs to find
a new way in the field of state and public
administration (Liu, 2019).
Speaking about another state that plays an
important role in the modern world, the United
States of America, it is necessary to understand
that this country has followed the same political
and governmental order since the beginning of its
existence.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Number of published books (thousand)
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The history of the United States begins with the
seventeenth century, this is the period when the
British Empire actively colonizes North
America. Britain's colonial activity was closely
related to the foreign policy of another country,
the Spanish Empire. The Spanish managed to
establish colonies in what is now Latin America
by finding large deposits of gold, silver, and
other precious metals. Thus, the main activity of
the colonists was not to develop these territories
but to maximize the profit from the extraction of
precious metals. Britain had planned to do the
same in North America, but instead of precious
metal deposits, they found large tracts of fertile
land. With this in mind, the colonists' activity
was to develop these lands by farming. An
important element of this was that British power
did not create rigid systems of government over
the inhabitants, but instead allowed the colonists
themselves to pursue policies in accordance with
their interests (Fergiuson, 2020).
Another important factor in the formation of the
U.S. state system was who the British colonists
were. At that time there were many processes of
state in mainland England that were notable for
their instability. In particular, these processes
strongly influenced attitudes toward various
Protestant religious movements. Thus, the bulk
of the colonists were members of the Puritan
faith. The ideas of Puritanism were based on the
views of J. Calvin and implied above all the ex-
communication of the church from governance in
various spheres. In addition, the main goal of the
adherents of this faith was a personal success
(Rimini, 2022). Thus, a system of government
began to develop in North America in which
local citizens played a major role, above all in
pursuit of their own interests.
In the second half of the 17th century, when the
colonies had already reached a certain level of
development, the government of the British
Empire began to introduce many different laws
that were contrary to the interests of citizens, in
particular those concerning tax collection. In the
course of this began active armed protests of
Americans, and then the War of Independence,
as a result of which the U.S. was able to emerge
as an independent state. At the same time, the
active process of creating the state began, in
particular, in 1789 the Constitution of the United
States of America was created, which remains
the fundamental document for this country until
today (Rimini, 2022).
The United States was able to form the first
federal system of government, which consisted in
narrowing the number of powers of the central
government. In particular, the power functions of
the federal level include conducting foreign
policy, commanding the armed forces, and
passing general bills. Most other functions of
public administration belong to local state
governments, which is why the United States is
distinguished by its system of local government.
Local government in the U.S. includes county
executive agencies, which exercise
governmental authority within a particular
county that is part of a state. A municipality is a
self-governing body, the essence of which is to
establish governmental structures at the local
level. This body of public authority emerged in
the 19th century, during the rapid growth of cities
and towns, to give citizens the power to elect a
local government. The Mayor's Council is the
body responsible for the interaction between
citizens and the representative of the executive
branch, the mayor, to ensure accountability.
Town Meeting is a form of direct democracy that
provides for the collegial participation of all
citizens in decision-making on the allocation of
funds in the municipal budget (Bohne, 2018).
Given this, we can say that during its history, the
U.S. has developed its democratic system with an
emphasis on local self-government and public
power. However, this system currently has
certain shortcomings, in particular, as noted by a
contemporary philosopher and political scientist
Fukuyama (2019), the political system of the
United States is characterized by a high degree of
bureaucratization, which has an impact on the
system of public administration. The author also
notes the influence of such a thing as clientelism,
a phenomenon that characterizes the formation of
the patron-client relationship, that is, the
formation of a certain kind of dependence of the
lower instances on the higher ones.
In his study (Kozak, 2020a) draws attention to
the fact that in the modern world the institutions
of public administration are changing rapidly.
The author calls this phenomenon as a trend,
according to which in the modern state leadership
there is a certain fashion to change the
institutions of public administration. It should be
understood that such popularity of institutional
reforms is not accidental and is due to the global
challenges of modernity in the field of public
administration.
In general, a comparison of the types of public
administration in China and the United States can
be demonstrated in the following table.
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Table 1.
Comparison of the features of public administration in China and the United States
China
USA
Type of political regime
Authoritarian
Democratic
Type of local government
Centralized
Decentralized
General features
Attempts to strengthen the role
of the state in governance;
Strong bureaucratization;
Historical development of
despotism.
Provision of many powers to
local authorities; Existence of a
large number of interconnected
local government institutions
Source: Developed by the authors
Modern challenges of public administration and
ways to solve them
One such challenge is the confrontation between
the new socialism represented by China and
democracy represented by the United States,
which is taking on the character of a new Cold
War confrontation. With this in mind, the
struggle is taking place in many different
spheres, including state administration. Thus,
China has embarked on a course of increasing
centralized hierarchical leadership, while the
U.S. has advocated maximum decentralization of
governance throughout its history (Baru, 2021).
However, as already noted, U.S. public
administration is characterized to varying
degrees by the presence of bureaucracy. With
this in mind, there are a number of theories of
future public administration in contemporary
U.S. political science discourse. These theories
were able to fully analyze the Ukrainian
researcher (Zwich, 2019) and set out in his
research paper. Relying on the article of this
author, we can say that the United States
understand the importance of institutional
changes in the field of public administration in
order to reduce bureaucratic elements. Thus, the
main trend today is to give more power to
individual officials at the local level so that they
themselves decide and implement certain issues,
not just orders from higher instances. The author
also notes two possible ways of developing
public administration that are being considered in
the United States. The first is the so-called
market approach to government, i.e., the main
goal is the economic interests of the community
through the development of entrepreneurship.
The essence of the second way of development is
that the development of strategic plans at the
federal level is carried out, and the local
communities and other bodies of public
administration are guided by these plans in the
first place.
It is important to understand that when an
individual official receives more power in the
context of decentralization of public
administration, he or she also bears more
responsibility for his or her actions. First of all, it
should be understood that this person cannot
fulfill all the responsibilities on his own, so he
needs to form a team in which he will occupy a
leadership position. In addition, leaders from
different regions need to work together in order
to increase the effectiveness of management.
Specifically, (Liou et al, 2022) examines the
performance of different leaders in a cooperative
manner in his article. As a result, he manages to
determine that by working together, performance
becomes more effective for each of them. At the
same time, it is considered that in the case of
mutual retailing the performance of each of them
significantly deteriorates.
Consequently, it is necessary to build leadership
skills in students in schools and universities, as
well as the ability to work as a team among them.
However, this is not an easy task. A study written
by a number of contemporary Ukrainian
researchers indicated that an important element
in the formation of relevant skills in today's
world is the training of appropriate teachers
(Tsekhmister et al., 2022). The study found that
today's educational management workers must
have a range of skills related to current global
trends. To determine this, the authors of the study
created their own hierarchical model, which
shows that educational management is
influenced by socio-economic factors;
professional portrait of the specialist;
organization of the educational process; actually,
materials to be used in the educational process.
Thus, the development of professional qualities
of different specialists, including managers in the
field of public administration, is influenced by
the development of educational management.
It is important to understand that public
administration in the modern world attracts more
and more diverse aspects every year, so not every
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manager will be able to cope with so much
workload, much less perform work in different
sectors. Given this, such a phenomenon as
outsourcing arises. Outsourcing is the transfer of
one's own authority to other individuals and
institutions. As noted in the results of the study
of the role of outsourcing in public
administration, the transfer of powers will be
most relevant in the following areas of public
activity: transportation services, security
services, cleaning services, and catering services.
Outsourcing is quite important in public
administration because the transfer of powers,
firstly, increases the efficiency of task
performance, when it is engaged by professionals
of their business, and secondly, the involvement
of non-governmental institutions in public
administration increases its transparency at
times. However, as noted in the study, it is
necessary to optimize the strategy of modern
management in order to increase the
effectiveness of outsourcing companies
(Mykytyuk et al, 2021).
The phenomenon of outsourcing was
investigated by (Aragão & Fontana, 2022), who
as a result of studying this problem was able to
determine that outsourcing companies are the
first to suffer in the case of budget cuts in the
short term. This factor has a direct impact on the
attractiveness of attracting various companies to
the field of public administration. Thus, the
author argues that governments need to consider
this factor when developing public
administration strategies and guarantee the safety
of outsourcing companies in times of instability.
Considering institutional features, it is necessary
to say that their sustainability and future depend
to a greater extent on the state, since it is the state
that decides on the abolition or modification of
this or that institution of public authority (Ruban,
2021).
However, the state cannot implement such a
policy in the spirit of voluntarism, because in a
democratic society, power depends on the will of
the people and can be overthrown in the case of
audacious pursuit of its own policies. Thus, the
main goals of the state in the context of public
administration institutions are: creating and
formalizing institutions; ensuring interaction
between public authorities; ensuring the effective
functioning of institutions; establishing and
distributing responsibilities between different
institutions; planning vectors of economic
development and other branches of public
administration (Kozak, 2020b). It is also
important to understand that the nature of change
depends on the political characteristics of the
state. In particular, as has been reviewed, the
state of modern public administration in China is
characterized by a certain level of decline, as the
Chinese leadership adopts a policy of
centralization of power. Given this, the
sustainability of public administration
institutions in this country is rather weak, as the
bureaucratization of governance has a negative
impact on the development of other governing
bodies. In democracies, such as the U.S.,
discussed in this article, one can observe a course
towards decentralization of executive power.
Thus, there is an expansion of power and the
number of institutions on the ground, but on the
other hand, the bureaucratic elements are
eliminated. Therefore, speaking of the
democratic type of state, we can say that the
bureaucratic authorities will not be particularly
stable and will be eliminated, but over time, the
influence of local institutions of public
administration will increase.
Discussion
In the course of the study, the state of
development of public administration in the
modern world was considered. In addition,
hypotheses were analyzed and expressed
concerning the trends of development of
management institutions in the future. However,
it should be understood that this topic is quite
debatable. First of all, it is worth paying attention
to the fact that any studies concerning the
question of the development of a certain
phenomenon are quite subjective. It is about the
fact that it is impossible to make accurate
predictions because the opinions of each author
are unique and based on his own beliefs and
views. With this in mind, one should not choose
to study only one scientist and, based on this,
form one's own views. Many scientists should be
involved in the study of the development of the
future, and, importantly, these scientists should
be from different branches of knowledge, due to
which the main trends of future development can
be determined. However, even given the
existence of a variety of authoritative thoughts
and ideas, it is impossible to make accurate
predictions about the future, because there are a
number of other factors that are not visible but
may play a role in the context of the development
of certain things. As for the topic of public
administration itself, the development of this
phenomenon will directly depend on the course
of the confrontation between the United States
and China, which has already been mentioned in
the article. In particular, if there is a trend of the
increasing influence of China in the foreign
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policy of the world, we can talk about the spread
of authoritarianism trends in the policies of many
countries committed to China. On the other hand,
the U.S. positions in the world will also affect the
development of public administration in different
countries of the world. In particular, we can
mention the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan
in 2021, as a result of which the democratic
government was overthrown, a dictatorial regime
was established.
General trends in the development of the modern
world will strongly influence the institutional
development of public administration in
democratic countries because in the present one
can trace the increasing influence of highly
specialized industries in the life of society. In
particular, digital technology plays an important
role in modernity, which will increase over time.
In order to ensure the development of this
industry in society, managers should entrust
certain functions to specialists than to carry out
activities themselves, because this will increase
the effectiveness of the integration of digital
technology in society many times over. This
applies not only to technology but also to a
number of other aspects, such as economics,
sports, etc. From this arises the importance of the
development of outsourcing, which was
mentioned in the study. Outsourcing is one of the
innovative means of public administration, the
use of which, according to scientists, should
increase the efficiency of management activities.
Given this, it is necessary to investigate and study
in detail the application of the outsourcing
method in public administration and, in the
process, to draw attention to the shortcomings in
order to eliminate them. Subsequent research on
innovative methods of public administration
concerns not only outsourcing but also other
means mentioned in the article. In particular, it is
important to investigate the role of the institution
of leadership in public administration and to
develop theories to improve its effectiveness.
Conclusions
As a result of the study, the historical
development of China and the United States in
the context of the development of public
administration was analyzed, and its condition in
these countries was considered. Thus, the
following conclusions were made:
− The history of China is characterized by the
development of a tyrannical state system.
Although there have been attempts at certain
periods to make a decentralized system of
government, the Chinese government has
now adopted a policy of increasing control
over various institutions. However, active
cooperation with many countries and the
challenges of modernity can shake this
policy.
− The United States has existed throughout its
history as a democratic state in which most
government functions are carried out by
local governments. Local government is
characterized by its breadth and a high level
of citizen involvement in decision-making.
However, the problem of bureaucracy
remains relevant today.
In addition, the article examined global trends in
public administration, in particular, that in the
context of bureaucratization the role of the leader
is increasing, so in education, it is necessary to
develop an effective methodology for training
qualified specialists. Also widespread is such a
phenomenon as outsourcing, which involves
non-state actors in the field of public
administration.
The general conclusion of this study is that in
today's world the sustainability of institutions
depends on the type of state. Authoritarian states,
such as China, rely on the strengthening of
centralized bodies, which threatens the existence
of a number of institutions. Democratic
countries, on the contrary, bet on
decentralization, so bureaucratic institutions will
be gradually eliminated, but in their place will be
created various bodies of public administration,
due to which we can talk about strengthening the
sustainability of this kind in the future.
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