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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.57.08.10
How to Cite:
Moroz, O., Komysh, S., Krasnozhon, N., Datsenko, V., & Hranatyrko, B. (2022). The strategy of the historical policy of Ukraine in
the context of the development of the Russian-Ukrainian war: an anthropological aspect. Amazonia Investiga, 11(57), 92-99.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.57.08.10
The strategy of the historical policy of Ukraine in the context of the
development of the Russian-Ukrainian war: an anthropological aspect
La estrategia de la política histórica de Ucrania en el contexto del desarrollo de la guerra
ruso-ucraniana: un aspecto antropológico
Received: September 18, 2022 Accepted: October 28, 2022
Written by:
Olena Moroz28
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4130-9018
Stanislav Komysh29
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6270-5159
Neonila Krasnozhon30
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4735-0641
Viktoriia Datsenko31
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-6951
Bohdan Hranatyrko32
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-9194
Abstract
In a confrontation with an aggressor who uses
various hybrid tools, the correct conduct of
humanitarian policy is of great importance.
Unfortunately, in the realities of the Russian-
Ukrainian war, there is no special strategy of
historical policy. Therefore, development and its
further improvement is an important topic of both
theoretical and practical research. The purpose of
the article is to investigate the Strategy of the
Historical Policy of Ukraine in the context of the
development of the Russian-Ukrainian
confrontation. The research is based on the use of
general scientific and special historical research
methods. In the results, the phenomenon of
historical policy is defined, a model of the
Strategy of Historical Policy of Ukraine is
developed, and possible challenges to its
implementation are outlined. The following
directions are outlined in the Strategy model:
reorganization of the National Unity Council, de-
communization, reforms in the field of education
and science, organization of educational work
28
PhD in Philosophy, Senior Lecturer Kremenets Taras Shevchenko Regional Academy of Humanities and Pedagogy, Faculty of
Humanities and Technology, Department of History and Method of Teaching, Ukraine.
29
Postgraduate student of the Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi National Army Academy 32 Heroesof Maidan street, Ukraine.
30
PhD (History) Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Chair of General History, Legal Science and Methods of
Education Hryhorii Skovoroda University in Pereiaslav; Facultu for Historical, Social and Psychological Education, Ukraine.
31
Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophical and Political Sciences, Cherkasy State Technological University bul.
Shevchenka, Ukraine.
32
Postgraduate Department of Philosophical and Political Sciences, Cherkasy State Technological University, bul. Shevchenka,
Ukraine.
Moroz, O., Komysh, S., Krasnozhon, N., Datsenko, V., Hranatyrko, B. / Volume 11 - Issue 57: 92-99 / September, 2022
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among the population, and commemoration of
Ukrainian historical and modern heroes.
Therefore, the model was developed taking into
account anthropological principles: the emphasis
is on the transformation of society and its mental
components. The conclusions summarize that the
schematic model of the Historical Policy
Strategy will require further scientific discussion.
Keywords: historical politics, development
strategy, Russian-Ukrainian war, the
transformation of society.
Introduction
Russian military aggression against Ukraine was
accompanied by cultural, scientific, and
ideological offensives. Russian leaders were not
shy about claiming that Ukraine as an
independent state never existed and that all of its
territories really belonged to neighboring states.
A separate ethnos of Ukrainians was declared by
the pro-Kremlin media to be false, imposed by
foreign influence. Although these and many
other statements have no scientific basis, their
constant updating by the Russian side requires an
adequate and balanced response. Unfortunately,
the Ukrainian strategy of historical policy, which
should be a worthy response to the Russian
onslaught, is virtually non-existent. The
illegitimacy of such a situation is obvious
because the appearance of such an orderly
document would allow to work through certain
problematic issues of the Ukrainian past and
provide ready, scientifically grounded answers to
accusations of statelessness, artificiality, and
falsification of Ukrainian culture. So, the
relevance of the problems under study is beyond
doubt, also because the hybrid nature of Russian
military aggression is an example for detailed
analysis. Modern European countries have not
faced military action on this scale as much as
they have faced an ideological attack of similar
force. The article aims to investigate a possible
Strategy of historical politics in the context of the
development of the Russian-Ukrainian war
through the prism of an anthropological aspect.
The main tasks to be considered as a result of the
main purpose of the work are the issues related to
the formation of the discourse of historical policy
as a challenge and encroachment on the
Ukrainian past and culture, the creation of the
current model of historical policy strategy of
Ukraine, a detailed consideration of the
phenomenon of post-truth as a threat to the
strategy of historical policy and security of
Ukraine.
Literature Review
The methodological basis of the article consists
of the works of Ukrainian, American, and British
historians and political scientists, who are
engaged in the study of historical preconditions
for the development of the Ukrainian-Russian
war.
Ukrainian researcher Kuzio (2022) characterized
the main events of the Russian-Ukrainian war
since 2014, described the main historical
preconditions and causes. Ishchuk (2022)
examined the key motives of Russian aggression
against Ukraine. The author notes that although
the official version of the Russian government is
to form the integrity of the “Russian world,” in
fact the reasons for the attack on Ukrainian
territories are quite different. The Russian
federation without Ukraine ceased to be an
empire, but with large-scale Ukrainian territory,
it becomes an empire. Ishchuk (2022) also
believes that Russia seeks to take away from
Ukraine the historical leadership that Ukrainians
received from medieval Kievan Rus'. At the same
time, Kulyk (2017) described the peculiarities of
the transformation of Ukrainians' national
consciousness since 2014. In particular, the
author characterized the transformation of key
national categories of Russian speakers in
Ukraine. The results of this study demonstrate
that Russian-speakers have become “fully
Ukrainian,” rejecting the Russian (or Soviet)
vision. Works on medieval Ukrainian history are
also important for this article because it is the
contemporary revision of Soviet conceptions of
“three fraternal peoples” that is an important part
of Ukraine's derussification of historical politics.
In particular, Parshyn and Mereniuk (2022)
found that the development of the Galicia-
Volhynia state took place in European
paradigms. In particular, based on the analysis of
urban life of medieval Lviv it is shown that this
city developed in the planes of multiculturalism
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and Eurocentricity. As shown in the study of
Mereniuk (2021), even the domestic life of the
Russian elite took place in the framework of
European practices of that time. Such facts
contradict the ideology of the “three fraternal
nations”. Morozov (2019) also notes that
Ukrainian lands developed in the European
plane. At the same time, Ostrovyy (2022)
determined that historical truth and historical
education are key factors in the formation of a
coherent system of national security. Also of
value is Yakovenko's (2009) seminal work, in
which the researcher thoroughly investigated the
history of Ukraine from ancient times to the 18th.
The historical atlas developed by Wynar (1987)
is also important for this article.
European political scientists also join the
problem of studying the Russian-Ukrainian
confrontation based on historical and
philosophical reflection. For example, Bînă &
Dragomir (2020) analyzed key aspects of the
spread of the Russian-Ukrainian information war
based on the study of the main manipulative
mechanisms. Bertelsen (2017) described the
important preconditions of the Russian-
Ukrainian war, the specialist paid notable
attention to the study of the events of the
Revolution of Dignity in 2013-2014 and their
connection with the Russian aggression against
Ukraine. Martz (2022), exploring the main
events of the Russian-Ukrainian war, thoroughly
characterized Russia's crimes against Ukraine.
The work of Claessen (2021), who characterized
the geopolitical plane of this large-scale war and
its likely results and consequences, is valuable
for this article. The above-mentioned works form
the basis for the development of Ukraine's
historical policy strategy. Note that this topic
remains relevant, given that there are almost no
special scientific works on this topic in both
Ukrainian and European scientific thought.
Methodology
General scientific and special historical methods
of research were used in the work. Based on
content-analysis it was possible to thoroughly
analyze the modern works of Ukrainian and
European researchers.
Possible ways and directions of implementation
of the Strategy of historical policy through the
prism of anthropological aspects were
determined on the basis of the prognostic method
of research.
Among the historical methods of research, we
shall distinguish: comparative, typological,
systematic. In particular, as a result of using the
historical-corporativist method, it was possible to
reconsider some established interpretations of the
past events in Russian and European scientific
thought. Based on historical and typological
methods of research the main principles of the
future Strategy of historical policy with an
emphasis on the Ukrainian-centric understanding
of Ukraine's past were characterized and
outlined.
Also, the principles of consistency, objectivity,
and scientificity were used in the work.
Results and Discussion
Historical Policy Discourse as an Element of
Humanitarian Expansion: Exploring the
Challenges of Historical Policy Strategy
Making
Contemporary events of the Russian-Ukrainian
war demonstrate that history can be a powerful
tool in hybrid warfare (Arel & Driscoll, 2022).
History is one of the methods of legitimizing the
existence of a state and its nation. Therefore,
seeking an ideological basis for its aggressive
policy, the Russian federation created and began
to implement a conquering historical policy
aimed at eroding national dignity and destroying
the Ukrainian state (Claessen, 2021).
In contemporary scholarship, the term historical
politics is a set of practices through which states
try to assert certain interpretations of historical
phenomena, events, and facts as dominant
(Moseiko, 2022). Some specialists believe that
historical politics is the choice and translation by
the state of a certain system of socio-political
values (Ostrovyy, 2022). For this reason,
historical politics possesses three important
functions: symbolic, interpretive, identifying
(See Table 1).
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Table 1.
Basic Functions of Historical Policy
Functions of historical policy
Name
Explanation
Symbolic
Giving importance to this or that historical event
Interpretive
Explanation of events through the needs and
requirements of current policy
Identification
Has an impact on the process of national identity
formation
Compiled by the authors of the article
Today it has become evident that the historical
policy of the Russian Federation toward Ukraine
takes place through the prism of imposing on the
Ukrainian society values that are uncharacteristic
of them (alien). Russia's attempts to become a
superpower are interpreted by the top leadership
as the alleged “historical” existence of a powerful
“great Russian civilization”. Its foundation is the
symbolic concept of “Holy Russia” and the
related ethnocultural “unity” of the East Slavic
peoples: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians
(Wood et al., 2015).
The concept of Russia's revival after the collapse
of the USSR (because this fact is a geopolitical
catastrophe for Russians) is based on several
principles: the separation of the “great nation”,
the difference between new borders and national
borders, the protection of the whole “Holy
Russia” from unknown geopolitical evil (See
Table 2).
Table 2.
The basic principles of Russian “historical truth”
1. “Separation” of the great Russian people, its “historical” reunification.
2. The difference between the new borders and the national borders. It is considered to be a threat to
russian security.
3. Protecting compatriots from “American Evil”
Compiled by the authors of the article
Ambitions of “superpower” status prompted the
Russian authorities to create and implement a
broad supranational project of “gathering lands”
- the so-called Eurasian Union, so the success of
this idea of restoring "great state" status is
impossible without the resources of Ukraine
(Kuzio, 2022).
When forming the concept of historical policy,
the Ukrainian side must take into account that
Russia constantly resorts to historical
manipulation, which allegedly argues for the
right of the Russian Federation to its resources
and territories. The rhetoric of the Russian
authorities actively uses the idea of “the Russian
world”, in the theoretical plane of which the
annexation of Ukrainian territories is justified
(Kuzio, 2022). For the idea of the Russian world,
the occupation of Crimea is important because
this peninsula is supposedly a symbolic place for
Russia: Prince Vladimir was baptized here.
However, such versions are historically
debatable and erroneous in historical and legal
terms. First of all, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich is
the prince of Kyiv. In addition, in international
opinion, justifying the latest political actions by
what happened to historical figures more than a
thousand years ago is not an international legal
basis.
Another anti-Ukrainian idea is the so-called
“Novorossiya,” a term Russian authorities use to
lay claim to formerly Russian territories with a
predominantly Russian-speaking population.
The authorities of the Russian Federation declare
the right to the existence of “Novorossiya” in the
framework of “from Kharkiv to Odesa”.
Such anti-Ukrainian projects based on historical
manipulation and distortion of facts in Russian
historical policy (Martz, 2022). The key goal of
such propaganda during the Russian-Ukrainian
war is to reduce the determination of Ukrainians
to defend their homeland and to encourage the
population to support pro-Russian forces (we
were quarreled by politicians).
However, against the backdrop of patriotic
upheaval, the importance of Russian propaganda
has lost its urgency. At the same time, the
problem of the “old internal Ukrainian rifts”
(based on Kremlin narratives) is serious. It is
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about the gap between generations and regions in
relation to the past (Kulyk, 2017).
Consequently, we believe that in the formation of
the strategy of historical policy of Ukraine these
Russian “political technology” projects and
ideas, which in general undermine the
foundations and national security of Ukraine,
should be taken into account.
Model Strategy for Ukraine's Historical
Policy
In order to create a flexible resistance to Russian
manipulative technologies and propaganda, a
Historical Policy Strategy should be formed with
an emphasis on the anthropological aspect (on
man and his dimensions of historical existence).
Based on this model, the above-mentioned
challenges should be envisaged. According to
Gromenko (2022), in the absence of a clearly
outlined Ukrainian-centric Strategy, society is
doomed to be constantly “repulsed by Russian
attacks on the historical plane with no prospects
for a counteroffensive”. Some specific directions
and ideas of the Strategy can be characterized in
advance. Figure 1 schematically reflects the main
directions and principles of the likely Historical
Policy Strategy. Note that the model developed
will require further expansion and adjustment.
Figure 1. Schematic model of the basic principles of the historic policy strategy
Compiled by the authors of the article
First of all, we are talking about the
reorganization of the National Unity Council
under the President of Ukraine. It should become
a discussion and compromise platform between
the authorities, scientific institutions (institutes
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
higher education institutions), and
representatives of some public organizations
(Gromenko, 2022). This will allow to
constructively identify the principles,
opportunities, and ways of forming national
unity, security, and historical memory against the
background of professional discussion with both
leading scientists of Ukraine and government
officials.
Another necessary direction is
decommunization. It is currently at the stage of
renaming streets (Krasnozhon, 2021). However,
after its completion, the main attention should be
paid to the revision and transformation of Soviet
institutional norms and other principles of
conducting certain activities. This will make it
possible to officially eradicate Soviet principles
of work from many state institutions. The main
emphasis should be placed on European
standards, taking into account the Ukrainian
national tradition.
A separate stage will be the formalization of
decolonization. We are talking about the
formation of the basic principles of depriving the
public plane of some names, monuments
associated with the entry and stay of Ukrainian
territories in the empires. On the other hand, it
should be filled with the creation of new
monuments, street names in honor of the modern
heroes of Ukraine. This will influence the
consolidation of the national idea and remind
ordinary Ukrainians of the honor and dignity of
Ukrainian defenders (Ishchuk, 2022).
Important attention should be paid to reforming
curricula in schools and higher education
institutions in accordance with the latest
scientific principles (Gromenko, 2022).
Separately, the expediency of using some
modern school textbooks on the history of
Ukraine, law, geography, ethics, which may
contain elements of the Soviet vision of Ukraine's
development, should be reconsidered.
Separately, the use of textbooks and manuals on
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the history of Ukraine, world history, historical
geography in higher education institutions,
which are written on the principles of Soviet
ideology, or at least contain elements of Soviet
propaganda is not advisable. In the future, it will
be necessary to create new curricula and
textbooks in accordance with the traditions of the
Ukrainian historical school, the Eurocentric
vision of the future of Ukraine.
On the other hand, it is necessary to popularize
the Ukraine-centric humanitarian policy of
Ukraine among the population. It is necessary to
create special courses, open lectures, programs
on TV channels, special channels in social
networks that would inform the population about
the true history of Ukraine at the popular
scientific level. These areas are related to the
promotion of the historical heritage of Ukraine,
which provides support for documentaries and
historical films, the formation of historical online
content, etc. It should be noted that considerable
attention should be paid to the popularization of
the real ancient history of Ukraine, emphasizing
the cultural and historical superiority of Kyivan
Rus. The historical memory of Ukrainian
(Ruthenian) princes should be widely
implemented in popular science and fiction
works.
Separately, in the field of education and science
(as well as in other fields), it is necessary to
introduce the lustration of collaborators with a
ban on professional activity (Gromenko, 2022).
This is necessary to ensure that such persons do
not harm the further implementation of Ukraine-
centric, pro-European policies. At the same time,
the state of the research sphere should be
improved. We are talking about targeted
simplification of procedures for issuing grants
for important humanitarian research, mixing
state funding, ideally - reforming the structure of
the National Academy of Sciences and higher
education.
Important attention should also be paid to the
creation of the National Military Cemetery, and
the construction of the National Pantheon - a
place of memorial to the most prominent leaders
of Ukraine.
Such steps will be aimed at forming a
“humanitarian front” that will contribute to the
consolidation of the Ukrainian nation, the
creation of Ukraine-centric historical policy,
formation of national identity and unity.
Post-truth as a threat to Ukraine's historical
policy strategy
“Post-truth” is the phenomenon that appeals to
the emotional perception of information and
psychological pressure are much more important
than the truth of a fact in determining public
opinion. Attempts to provide similar definitions
of already known varieties of propaganda have
been repeatedly criticized in academic debates,
but today's level of globalization and the
development of digital technology allow for a
new way of thinking about and using old
techniques of imposition (Strauss, 2005). In
particular, the use of the Internet forms access to
any media, which qualitatively distinguishes the
presentation of information from the ancient
times, when the use of newspapers or TV
channels significantly limited the possibilities of
finding the necessary information. At the same
time, information becomes cheaper, i.e., because
of its abundance users are forced to skip whole
fragments or consume it at all in an extremely
reduced format (Bînă & Dragomir, 2020). In
practice, it looks as if Internet users view only
small notes or excerpts from more massive
messages and sometimes limit themselves to
reading the headlines to get at least the latest
news, to understand what is happening in the
country and the world (Manolea, 2021).
This situation was actively used by the media,
where even the concept of headline art was
established, aimed at attracting new readers and
additional web page views of the publication,
which contributed to the popularity of the
publication among advertisers. However, this
trend was also picked up by politicians, whose
speeches began to be shaped by audience
expectations - short and concise utterances,
including on historical topics (Nehmatov, 2022).
At the same time, such stories about history can
be pseudo-historical, which is not problematic
for the concept of post-truth (Mustafazadeh,
2022). Other factors are important for politicians:
the capacity of the statement, confidence in one's
own opinion, and, above all, consistency with the
general perceptions of potential voters.
Ordinary consumers do not have additional time
to go into detail, check facts, or compare
information from different sources (Bînă &
Dragomir, 2020). For this reason, historical truth
is threatened (Ostrovyy, 2022). Using a distorted
understanding of historical processes, political
leaders can form a distorted vision of modernity,
promote revanchism, chauvinism, etc. (Manolea,
2021). In the cross-section of the contemporary
situation and Russian aggression, a relevant
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example of post-truth can be considered the
speech of the Kremlin leader. Putin at the Valdai
on October 27, 2022. Using the already long-
studied slogans about the “common peoplehood”
of Russians and Ukrainians, he also came to the
conclusion that Ukraine in its present form was
created by Russia, specifically - V. Lenin. Also,
the authoritarian Kremlin leader juggled
concepts, accused the West of trying to start a
war, and repeatedly mentioned nuclear weapons
(Claessen, 2021). The deception of such rhetoric
was immediately demonstrated by the Ukrainian
side, but the realities of post-truth allow resorting
to such steps. In particular, politicians (unlike
journalists or historians) have no professional
obligation to be objective (Ostrovyy, 2022).
Under post-truth conditions, any words, if not
refuted, can be recognized as at least partially
true, depending on the views of information
consumers (Manolea, 2021). Addressing
different views of the same situation using post-
truth also becomes a kind of defense mechanism
for such politicians.
The post-truth era is shaping new challenges. In
particular, with the development of
digitalization, information is increasingly
transmitted not through traditional media
websites, but through social networks and
messengers, which are extremely nimble in their
news production. For example, the social
networking site Twitter has become an important
and popular medium for publishing news, and its
feature is a brief exchange of messages, and any
Internet user can join the discussion. The
company's corporate policy regulated the
“purity” of the discussion, but after the purchase
of Twitter by American multibillionaire Elon
Musk, the situation may change. The new owner
has repeatedly stated that he plans to review the
policy of blocking users and deleting messages.
Such realities could be used by post-truth
proponents to continue promoting their
narratives. The Kremlin regime, through its paid
customers and ideological adepts, will certainly
exploit such a situation (Ishchuk, 2022).
Taking into account the search for justification of
the war in historical aspects, the strategy of
Ukrainian historical policy should include the
use of mechanisms to counter such attacks.
Worthy of attention, first of all, are several
strategies to counter such attacks on history.
The first way is to actively draw attention to
possible false interpretations of Ukrainian
history, using modern possibilities of
information resistance and the traditional
diplomatic practice of summoning employees of
the diplomatic sphere of foreign countries to get
thorough explanations and preventive
interviews. This course of action is based on the
partial use of the principles of post-truth,
according to the logic of which the decisive and
final is the position of the side in the discussion,
which holds the last word for itself and clearly,
confidently and timely states the attempt to
falsify the historical record. At the same time, it
will allow “internal consumers”, to make sure
that the official point of view will be protected,
and the authorities will not allow the
manipulation of historical data.
Another possibility for countering hybrid
challenges is to completely ignore the statements
of the opposite side. This strategy can be resorted
to when there is an urgent need to throw an event
out of the information field, which is beneficial,
above all, in order not to worsen relations with a
certain country. Obviously, this option is more
suitable for other cases, but not for the protection
of Ukrainian historical politics from the Russian
offensive.
Conclusions
Consequently, the formation of a detailed
Strategy of Ukraine's historical policy against the
background of the Russian-Ukrainian war is an
urgent task since the Russian side justifies its
actions with false historical facts and their
interpretation. In particular, we are talking about
the concepts of “Novorossiya”, “Holy Russia”,
“Russian Orthodoxy” and others, which have no
real historical basis but are designed to justify the
justice of military action. To counteract such
challenges, it is proposed to form a strategic
document important for the Ukrainian historical
sector as follows: to reorganize the Council on
National Unity, to complete decommunization at
all levels, to reform education and science in the
appropriate direction, to educate the common
population, still considered Russian. myths, to
present respect for Ukrainian modern and
historical heroes. This will allow to resist
aggressive challenges, as well as the modern
phenomenon of propaganda - post-truth.
Appealing to the emotional mood and
expectations of the audience allowed the Kremlin
regime to use methods of gross falsification of
history to justify its goals and war. Forming an
adequate response to such a policy can consist of
two ways. We are talking about an active
response to distorted interpretations of Ukrainian
history and feedback in information resources (a
method effective to counter Russian propaganda)
based on the Strategy of the Historical Policy of
Ukraine or ignoring disinformation (if it was
allowed by officials of a third country, Ukrainian
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diplomats do not want to spoil relations with
them). Given the relevance of this topic, the
authors of the article have compiled a schematic
model of the Historical Policy Strategy, which
will require further discussion in professional
academic circles. Highlighting further directions
of the Strategy is the next topic for research.
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