84
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.58.10.9
How to Cite:
Botvyn, T., Aleksandrova, M., Krymets, L., Dobrovolska, R., & Rudenko, O. (2022). Philosophical comprehension of the formation
and development of Ukrainian culture in the context of military realities: the geopolitical aspect. Amazonia Investiga, 11(58), 84-92.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.58.10.9
Philosophical comprehension of the formation and development of
Ukrainian culture in the context of military realities: the geopolitical
aspect
Comprensión filosófica de la formación y el desarrollo de la cultura ucraniana en el
contexto de las realidades militares: el aspecto geopolítico
Received: October 27, 2022 Accepted: November 28, 2022
Written by:
Tetiana Botvyn37
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-8664
Maryna Aleksandrova38
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2722-398X
Liudmyla Krymets39
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-5208
Rufina Dobrovolska40
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-8861
Olga Rudenko41
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-2624
Abstract
The article examines the impact of war on the
process of development of a culture of the
Ukrainian people. The purpose of scientific
exploration is to analyze the existential and
axiological dimensions of Ukrainian folk and
national culture under conditions of war. The
main objectives are to understand the
geopolitical significance of Ukrainian culture in
the modern socio-cultural space and to analyze
the risks that war brings to the cultural
development of Ukraine. The methodological
basis of the research is based on general scientific
methods of cultural studies: systemic, structural-
functional, semiotic, and comparative-historical.
In addition, synergetic methodological principles
are involved, thanks to which it is possible to
form a strategic view of Ukrainian culture in the
geopolitical dimension. A promising short-term
direction of research of contemporary Ukrainian
culture is its axiological transformation, which is
37
Ph.D., Docent Ukrainian Studies and Intercultural Communication Department, Department of Foreign Languages and Translation
Studies, Lviv State University of Life Safety, Ukraine.
38
Ph.D., Associate Professor of Department of Culurology, Faculty of Culturology, Kharkiv State Academy of Culture Bursatskyi
uzviz, Ukraine.
39
Ph.D., Main researcher, Senior Researcher Social Science Department, National Defence University of Ukraine named after Ivan
Chernyakhovskyi, Kyiv, Ukraine.
40
Ph.D., Assistant of the Department of Art Disciplines of Preschool and Primary Education, Faculty of Preschool and Primary
Education named after V. Voloshyna, Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyubynsky State Pedagogical University, Ukraine.
41
Ph.D., Associate Professor Department of Philosophy and Methodology of Sciences, Taras Shevchenko National University of
Kyiv, Ukraine.
Botvyn, T., Aleksandrova, M., Krymets, L., Dobrovolska, R., Rudenko, O. / Volume 11 - Issue 58: 84-92 / October, 2022
Volume 11 - Issue 58
/ October 2022
85
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
an inevitable process under martial law. In
addition, the current Russian-Ukrainian war will
be another stage in the existential assertion of the
culture of the Ukrainian people. So, the war,
producing inevitable suffering and destruction in
all possible manifestations, simultaneously
becomes a kind of border, a new point of
reference that gives impetus to the development
and renewal of material and spiritual culture.
Keywords: culture, cultural identification,
geopolitics, Ukrainian cultural front, history of
culture, philosophy of culture.
Introduction
The formation of any cluster of culture takes
place under the diverse influence of the socio-
cultural environment. This applies to folk,
national, religious, professional, collective
culture, etc. The cluster of national and popular
culture is formed in unison with the formation of
the nation. This process is long and almost
always accompanied by active socio-political
shifts. This is how national culture is affirmed
within the nation. At the same time, even when
popular culture is already formed, the factor of its
legitimization in the national-state, regional,
political, and, most importantly, geopolitical
dimensions becomes actualized. It is in such
times that national and folk culture experience
moments of truth, which determine its ability to
be a separate original cluster in the civilizational
space.
The work aims to comprehend the formation and
development of Ukrainian culture in the
philosophical and attitudinal dimension, which
combines existential and axiological components
of culture. The task of the scientific-cultural
community is to form a discourse that considers
the development of Ukrainian culture in the
geopolitical context. The scientific hypothesis of
exploration is that military realities only
emphasize the role and importance of Ukrainian
culture in the struggle for progressive values of
the civilized world. So far Ukrainian culture has
been seen as a regional (national and folk)
cluster. Modern events require scholars to
reinterpret the positioning of Ukrainian culture
already in the geopolitical dimension.
Historically, these periods of formation of state
cultures very rarely pass painlessly. As a rule, the
formation of cultural identity is accompanied by
socio-cultural upheavals experienced by the
nation in the struggle for its existence. Wars,
revolutions, social and economic upheavals - this
is by no means a complete list of factors that arise
on the path of a state's cultural identity. When
successfully passing the way of formation,
national culture transforms axiological
achievements into existential dimensions. At the
same time, folk culture acquires geopolitical
status and takes its place in the system of the
cultural and historical development of
civilization.
National culture from the philosophical point of
view has 2 key worldview dimensions (see Fig.
1.).
Fig. 1. Worldview Dimensions of Culture
Source: author's own development
Cultural and historical upheavals are a period of
actualization of both the being and value
elements of culture. Wars traditionally
accompany the existence of peoples, nations, or
civilization as a whole. Ukrainian culture has
passed through many periods of military
86
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
confrontations in the regions of its formation and
development. Since 1991, when Ukraine gained
its independence, Ukrainian culture got a chance
to develop in the conditions of statehood.
An important cluster for understanding the
development of Ukrainian culture is the
transformation of cultural and demographic
factors during the war. After all, the strength of
the comprehensive national identity of
Ukrainians will determine whether or not
Ukraine will withstand the aggression of the
occupiers. The role of ethnic, linguistic, and
religious variables is largely decisive in assessing
the ability to resist the enemy on a cultural and
elemental level (Barrington, 2022). In some
places, such resistance is just as important as
weaponry or military might.
Methodology
The scientific exploration used general scientific
theoretical methods of analysis (systemic,
structural, comparative), generalization,
classification. At the same time, the
methodology, which is characterized by the
cultural dimension, proved effective. In
particular, thanks to the systematic method an
attempt was made to bring all factors which
determined the peculiarities of the formation of
Ukrainian culture in the context of geopolitical
positioning to a common denominator. Structural
and functional method actualized the problems of
the development of Ukrainian material and
spiritual culture exactly in the conditions of
military realities. The semiotic method interprets
symbolism inherent in Ukrainian military and
cultural tradition. The comparative-historical
method allowed drawing parallels regarding the
level of cultural development during large-scale
military conflicts on the territory of Ukraine.
Since the war has become the reality of our days
and we are witnesses of all the events, the
empirical methods of research of cultural
development, which rely on the observation of
events almost online, are also actualized.
One important methodological approach to
cultural development under conditions of war is
the analysis of associations with the concepts of
“peace” and “war” (Vasianovych, 2020). The
appropriateness of this methodology is due to the
fact that association is an ongoing process of
making connections between phenomena of the
cultural, social, and physical environment and
reveals some hidden procedures of thinking.
Along with general scientific methods, the
philosophical methodology represented by the
modern progressive model of the synergetic
paradigm was also used. The concepts of self-
organization and interdisciplinarity provide a
combination of different methodologies and
principles, due to which the study of the cultural
development of Ukrainian culture in the
conditions of war is carried out in the main
dimensions of the modern picture of the world
(geopolitical, socio-economic, ethical and
axiological, etc.).
Theoretical Framework or Literature Review
Sources for research on the development of
Ukrainian culture in the realities of war can be
divided into two clusters:
• scientific works that came out by the full-
scale offensive of the Russian aggressor
(until February 24, 2022);
• scholarly works with the first culturological
studies after the beginning of the full-scale
Russian-Ukrainian war.
The problems of cultural identification in the
context of the Russian-Ukrainian confrontation
are dealt with by N. Averianova, &
T. Voropaieva (2020), considering the
authenticity of culture as a determining factor of
national self-consciousness and patriotism. New
dimensions of cultural identification of
Ukrainians after the full-scale invasion are
considered by V. Kravchenko
(2022), pointing to the symbolism of the
Russian-Ukrainian war in the cultural and
historical context. T. Poiarkova (2022) points out
aspects of the importance of cultural
identification in the confrontation with the
aggressor.
Practically oriented mechanisms of protection of
culture from military realities offer in his study
A. Korzeniowska-Bihun (2021). At the same
time, T. Kuzio (2019) suggests the format of
“cultural support” for Ukrainian culture during
the confrontation with the Russian aggressor.
Geopolitical aspects of the development of
Ukrainian culture we find in the scientific work
of P. Pereira, F. Bašić, I. Bogunovic, &
D. Barcelo (2022). Kanet, R.E (2019) reveal the
cultural components of a new global cold war
involving Ukraine.
The cultural manifestations associated with the
Russo-Ukrainian war are illuminated by V.
Lazarenko (2019), analyzing the global
Volume 11 - Issue 58
/ October 2022
87
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
geopolitical climate. The problem of the concept
of cultural strategy was raised by E. Götz &
J. Staun (2022), noting that the process of culture
formation is not a short-term phenomenon and
requires historical and cultural transformations of
society.
Results
It is important to understand that the geopolitical
aspect is almost the main leitmotif of the tragic
events currently taking place in Ukraine (Kanet,
2019). The end of the Cold War in the twentieth
century did not end the confrontation of
civilizational forms of development
characteristic of Western and Eastern society. Of
course, globalization of the XXI century to some
extent due to the economic and information
sphere has somewhat reduced the level of direct
confrontation, but the struggle for geopolitical
influence remained relevant and manifested itself
in the Russian aggression against Ukraine.
Ukrainian culture in this dimension found itself
in a state of absolute uncertainty.
On the one hand, trends of the last decades
demonstrated the need for integrative processes
in the cultural sphere. In turn, integration needed
cultural openness. Moreover, the excessive
openness of culture was a negative factor in the
military confrontation. It should be understood
that the culture of a people or a nation is a
complex and diverse process that cannot change
its positioning all at once. A society oriented
toward integration and openness of culture
automatically becomes vulnerable to the outside
world. At the same time, closed societies are
more ready for conflicts, because they clearly
understand the boundaries of their existence and
quickly and promptly respond to the violation of
these boundaries by the aggressor.
It should be noted that the world cultural
community uses all possible steps to support
Ukrainian culture in difficult military times. In
particular, the Director-General of UNESCO, A.
Azoulay, noted that “we must preserve the
cultural heritage in Ukraine as evidence of the
past, as well as a catalyst for peace and unity for
the future, which the international community
must protect and preserve” (Azoulay, 2022). This
position forms two main messages for the world
and Ukraine:
• recognition of the geopolitical significance
of Ukrainian culture as an original cluster of
world cultural heritage;
• the need for practical protection and support
of the culture of the Ukrainian people during
the war to preserve its prospects for future
civilizational advancement.
Of course, Ukrainian culture is so multifaceted
that it is practically impossible to destroy it even
in the face of a full-scale attack by a powerful
aggressor. At the same time, all resources and
possibilities should be used to minimize the loss
of domestic material and spiritual heritage.
In addition, Ukrainian culture is not exclusively
the object of military realities, partly acting as a
subjective element, primarily in terms of the
formation of spiritual fortitude of Ukrainians in
the fight against the invaders. Minister of Culture
of Great Britain N. Dorries said that culture will
become “the third front of the Ukrainian war”,
pointing to the need to extend sanction pressure
on the Russian aggressor, including in the
cultural sphere.
The anti-human ideology of the Russian world
uses the age-old achievements of Russian culture
to spread cultural and political propaganda.
World-renowned achievements of Russian
culture become a tool to justify criminal actions
and spread imperial ambitions. Ukrainian culture
is a bearer of the principles of freedom and
humanism. In this ideological contradiction, we
see a key civilizational confrontation.
In this context, the potential of the cultural
diplomacy of Ukraine is actualized (Sheiko,
2022). Ideological confrontation of cultures in
the modern world should have proper
information and communication support. It is no
secret that today public opinion (even the global
world opinion) is formed in the information
environment. The Ukrainian cultural front should
direct all efforts (creative, organizational,
spiritual) for decisive and reasoned
condemnation of the aggressive anti-human
actions of the Russian Federation. Demonstration
of criminality and absurdity of the Russian
aggressor is a long-term goal of Ukrainian
cultural workers on a geopolitical scale, even
after the active phase of hostilities is over.
Note the intensity of the destruction of cultural
monuments by Russian troops, for which their
material or spiritual value is not at all important
(Tkachenko, 2022). Given the scale of war
crimes related to the cultural sphere, we can raise
the question of cultural genocide, which is
implemented by the Russian aggressor during the
full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
As Kravchenko (2022) argues, along with the
military confrontation there is a symbolic war of
88
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
identities between Ukraine and Russia.
Ukrainian culture has historically been a hostage
of “fateful geography,” when the geopolitical
interests of the outside world determined the
internal transformations of national and popular
clusters.
Such notion as strategic culture (Götz & Staun,
2022) is characteristic of modern scientific and
cultural discourse. Each government forms the
principles and concepts of cultural development
strategy. For Ukrainian culture historically the
strategy was balancing between the East and the
West, as geographically and economically
Ukraine was actually at the crossroads of
interests of major geopolitical world players.
With gaining independence and the actual
withdrawal from Russian rule, Ukraine still
remained in the orbit of interests of its
northeastern neighbor. Cultural ties between the
states were used as a separate important lever of
influence. At the same time, Ukrainian culture of
the last decades has passed a way of integration
into values of the Western world, which became
possible thanks to the globalization of the world
socio-cultural space. With the external free
development of Ukrainian culture, a geopolitical
conflict of interests still existed implicitly, which
matured first into Russian aggression against
Ukraine in 2014 and reached its climax in 2022
with the beginning of full-scale armed
aggression.
The cultural cluster in the era of war is permeated
by myths and stereotypes on both sides of the
conflict (Kuzio, 2019). Culture produces both
creative and translational content through which
mental or ideological support for public opinion
is provided. Stereotypes produced by Russian
culture have hardly worked in Ukraine, the
consequence of which is the absolute rejection of
the Russian invasion by the majority of
Ukrainian citizens. The reason for this collapse
of “cultural support” was the focus on
propaganda for the Russian-speaking consumer,
which was only perceived in the internal Russian
political system. On the other hand, the flow of
Russian aggressive-imperial ideas was not
perceived by Ukrainians, who are culturally and
historically characterized by values based on
freedom.
We can assert that the cultural and historical
attitudes of Ukrainian society play an active,
practically oriented role in the formation of an
effective and efficient worldview paradigm of
the Ukrainian nation and culture. There is a
process of state coordination of the development
of society and culture. The society forms the
value of cultural reference points, which, in turn,
are transformed into the existential dimension,
which is a vital condition for the existence of
society.
Krasivskyy & Pidberezhnyk (2021), analyzing
the state and problems of cultural security of
Ukraine, hypothesized that “ensuring the
development and permanence of the sphere of
culture, the formation of a single Ukrainian
socio-cultural space based on the Ukrainian
language, historical memory, spiritual values,
cultural traditions is one of the priority national
interests of the Ukrainian state at the present
stage”.
The components of spiritual and material culture
in periods of social upheaval become reference
points of values. War destroys the traditional
order, generating uncertainty. In such a situation,
it is values that become a lifeline for people who
are victims of war realities. At the same time, a
process of value cultural transformations takes
place directly in the hall of war. The principles
habitual for peaceful life may radically change
under force majeure circumstances. But
whatever radical changes may characterize the
development of culture under the conditions of
war - humanistic values, the rule of law, and
human freedom remain fundamental and
unshakable in the paradigm of Ukrainian culture.
The notion of cultural struggle was activated in
Ukraine after the events of 2014 with the
beginning of the aggression of the Russian side
(Zhurzhenko, 2021). However, Russia's hybrid
form of warfare caused a certain veiling of the
enemy's aggressive plans. Hybrid wars of the
twentieth century became an arena of
confrontation in the cultural sphere as well.
While previously the issue of restrictions on
Russian culture had been a subject of debate in
Ukrainian society, after the annexation of Crimea
and the invasion of Donbas, Ukraine began to
pursue a stricter cultural policy. Restrictions
began to take effect at the legislative level, and
the prohibition of elements of Russian culture
that posed a danger to Ukrainian society was
actively implemented. Ukrainian society was still
divided in its views on the cultural limitations of
the Russian cluster.
However, the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by
Russian troops in 2022 became a catalyst for the
process of total non-acceptance of Russian
culture. Russia became associated with suffering
and destruction. Ukrainian culture became an
element of the fight against the Russian
aggressor.
Volume 11 - Issue 58
/ October 2022
89
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Discussion
Ukrainian culture has undergone an evolutionary
path, establishing itself as an original cluster of
world culture. An important aspect of
geopolitical nature is the issue of the correlation
of national culture with folk and regional culture.
As for the correlation of worldview principles of
Ukrainian folk and national culture, there is a
dominant commonality in this context. Ukrainian
national culture has become a logical
continuation of the folk culture cluster.
Actualization of the category of identity is quite
a complex problem in the scientific discourse
(Averianova & Voropaieva, 2020). When
considering cultural identity, two fundamental
aspects should be separated: the format of
culture, stating its achievements and value
principles; the content of culture, determining the
role and place of culture in the system of global
culture and civilizational development. The war
becomes the catalyst, which has a direct
influence on the format of culture,
simultaneously determining the content strategy
of the geopolitical dimensions of culture.
There are quite a lot of risks for cultural identity
in today's fast-moving globalized world.
Ukrainian culture of the times of independence
became a hostage of many socio-cultural
problems, which gradually eroded the essence of
the cultural identity of the Ukrainian people. In
the conditions of war, the society rallies and gets
a chance to form a national mentality, the basis
of which is the cultural identity.
The culture of a country that experiences a
military invasion automatically develops defense
mechanisms (Korzeniowska-Bihun, 2021). The
effectiveness of these devices depends on many
factors (cultural, attitudinal, social). One such
mechanism is the model of anthropological
protection in its spiritual dimension. While body
armor protects a soldier from a bullet, cultural
protection involves leveling an attack on the
mind, psyche, belief, or information space.
As a rule, cultural-anthropological defense is
generally accepted in the global civilizational
dimension. At the same time, the identity of
popular and national culture uses its strengths to
organize an effective defense system under
conditions of war.
Cultural identification is an important practice-
oriented cluster, which is used in the conditions
of war. Methodologically, cultural identification
involves a clear division into insiders and
outsiders, leaving no chance for the enemy to
disguise or integrate. The practice of turning a
state's population into insiders/outsiders in
peacetime is unacceptable because it violates
human rights and freedoms. At the same time, in
times of war, this principle of separation has a
right to life and makes the cultural front one of
the important factors in confronting the enemy
(Poiarkova, 2022).
One element of the contemporary Russian-
Ukrainian war is the Ukrainian self-victimizing
narrative (Lazarenko, 2019), which involves the
positioning of Ukrainian culture as a victim of
Russian aggression. Such moments are
traditionally quite common in military
confrontations, especially with the prevailing
aggressor. However, we can state the dangers
associated precisely with such positioning of
domestic culture in the conditions of war. The
position of weakness in the cultural and mental
manifestation is risky because it can form in the
geopolitical dimension the request for peace on
the conditions of the aggressor, which is
unacceptable in the current situation. We already
observe in the information space of Ukraine and
the civilized world messages about war-
weariness and the need to stop the active phase
of the war as soon as possible. Now the cultural-
mental front must pursue its policy in unison with
the military-political efforts of Ukraine. Such a
format will ensure the unity of Ukrainians and
promote a common understanding of the
sociocultural realities of today.
“Being Ukrainian is a worldview construct
shaped by national identity and an understanding
of pain as an integral part of the identity of
Ukrainians, who have experienced centuries of
war. Historical trauma is experienced more
broadly in the national-cultural dimension and
follows from the general experience of pain”.
(Cancio, Kuptsevych-Timmer & Omori, 2020).
The cultural and historical tradition of the
Ukrainian people includes centuries-old
interpretations of the pain and trauma that result
from war.
Interesting for the study of culture in war is a
comparative analysis of the concept of struggle
and military confrontation (primarily on a
cultural basis) in different environments. A group
of researchers (Girnyk, Krylova-Grek & Khan,
2021) investigated differences in the
understanding of conflict in Ukrainian and Indian
culture. The results of the scientific exploration
demonstrated common semantic elements in the
two cultures: war, struggle, aggression, and
90
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
dissent. At the same time, socio-emotional motifs
prevailed in Indian culture, in contrast to the
Ukrainian cluster, which is more focused on the
national (self-identification) and social (heroism)
factors in the conflict. Such results indicate that
culture positions war differently in its worldview
paradigms, depending on national, popular,
social, or mental attitudes.
The effects of war on the cultural environment
are comparable to the effects on natural processes
in territories where active hostilities take place
(Pereira, Bašić, Bogunovic & Barcelo, 2022). A
common factor linking military action is the
uncertainty about the negative effects on both
nature and culture. Direct losses and destruction
can be determined, but regarding the delayed
consequences, there are quite a few problems in
the cultural cluster. Because natural recovery
processes are more obvious, in contrast to
cultural processes consisting of many variables,
each of which is capable of transforming the
prospects of the entire cultural sphere. For
example, the social aspect, quite relevant during
the war. In particular, in the post-war period,
cultural development will be significantly
influenced by the social composition and activity
of society. If social indicators will be low, then
accordingly the further development of
Ukrainian culture will face serious problems.
Historical reality and civilizational development
are characterized by rather brutal constants. War
in the geopolitical dimension is not only
suffering and destruction but also opportunity.
“The idea of modern Ukraine should be based on
the process of getting rid of the postcolonial
syndrome and the formation of Ukrainian culture
based on the traditions and sentiments of national
culture. The position of the state in this regard
should be compatible and consistent with the
common goals of real independence”
Svyrydenko & Możgin (2019).
In sociocultural discourse, there is the idea that
each generation experiences special and
extraordinary times, full of unique changes and
progressive elements (Levyk, 2020). It so
happens that the modern Ukrainian generation
has been tested by war. Ukrainian culture is in a
state of struggle, faced with the inability to
achieve security through geopolitical principles.
However, this has not led to disillusionment (at
least existentially) with the principles of the
Western world. At the same time, the process of
integration of Ukrainian culture into the civilized
world community has not stopped, which
demonstrates the goal of the Ukrainians' struggle
for their independence, freedom, and cultural
identity. Nowadays the “dual role” of Ukrainian
culture is being actualized: self-preservation and
integration.
The conceptual model of interpreting the culture
of the Ukrainian people is changing, reorienting
its object-subject dimension. After the beginning
of the Russian-Ukrainian war, conceptual
changes in consciousness and worldview take
place, see (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Object-Subject Dimension of Ukrainian Culture.
Source: author's own development
Volume 11 - Issue 58
/ October 2022
91
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Conclusion
It should be understood that the war on the front
will not be the end of the war between the
civilized and anti-human dimensions and will
continue in political, economic, and cultural
manifestations. Ukrainian culture will face
further harsh confrontation with the aggressive
Russian cultural attack, which lasted all the years
of independence (and before that all the centuries
of coexistence of Ukraine and Russia). At the
same time, before the full-scale Russian-
Ukrainian war of 2022, this cultural
confrontation had a localized regional character.
After Russia's military anger, this confrontation
became a subject for the entire civilized world.
The Ukrainian cultural struggle reaches a new
level and becomes a geopolitical process.
In scientific discourse, the principle of struggle
for Ukrainian culture - for its preservation,
development, etc. - has always spread. While
Ukrainian culture becomes one of the fronts of
struggle against the Russian aggressor. The
process of struggle of Ukrainian culture with a
hostile cultural and ideological dimension
begins. Culture acquires signs of a self-sufficient
element of national identity to fight against the
aggressor. Thus, the geopolitical dimension of
the culture of the Ukrainian people is formed,
which once again in history confirms its status in
the system of civilizational socio-cultural space.
Bibliographic references
Averianova, N., & Voropaieva, T. (2020).
Transformation of the Collective Identity of
Ukrainian Citizens After the Revolution of
Dignity (2014–2019). Kyiv-Mohyla
Humanities Journal, 7, 45-71.
https://doi.org/10.18523/kmhj219654.2020-
7.45-71
Azoulay, A. (2022, March 8). We must give
peace a chance. Unesco.
https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war
Barrington, L. (2022). A new look at region,
language, ethnicity and civic national identity
in Ukraine. Europe-Asia Studies, 74(3),
360–381.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2022.2032
606
Cancio, R., Kuptsevych-Timmer, A., &
Omori, M. (2020). Perpetual war with the
brother nation: An analysis of Ukrainian
veterans, cultural identity and historical
trauma. Journal of War & Culture
Studies, 13(3), 219–236.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2018.1558
536
Girnyk, A., Krylova-Grek, Y., & Khan, A.
(2021). A psycholinguistic cross-cultural
study of the concept “conflict” in India and
Ukraine. East European Journal of
Psycholinguistics, 8(2).
https://doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2021.8.2.gir
Götz, E., & Staun, J. (2022). Why Russia
attacked Ukraine: Strategic culture and
radicalized narratives. Contemporary
Security Policy, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2022.2082
633
Kanet, R. E. (2019). Russian strategic culture,
domestic politics and Cold War 2.0.
European Politics and Society, 20(2),
190-206.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2018.1545
184
Korzeniowska-Bihun, A. (2021). Cultural
projects as a tool of anthropological defense:
Ukrainian example. Defense knowledge,
274(1), 35-47.
https://doi.org/10.34752/2021-b274
Krasivskyy, O., & Pidberezhnyk, N. (2021).
Cultural security of Ukraine. Strategic
Review, 14, 471–488.
https://doi.org/10.14746/ps.2021.1.27
Kravchenko, V. (2022). The Russian War against
Ukraine: Cyclic History vs Fatal Geography.
East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies,
9(1), 201-208.
https://doi.org/10.21226/ewjus711
Kuzio, T. (2019). Russian stereotypes and myths
of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why
Novorossiya failed. Communist and Post-
Communist Studies, 52(4), 297–309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.1
0.007
Lazarenko, V. (2019). Conflict in Ukraine:
multiplicity of narratives about the war and
displacement. European Politics and Society,
20(5), 550-566.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2018.1552
108
Levyk, B. (2020). National Security
Transformation in the Context of
Postmodernism as Modern Cultural, Social,
and Political Reality. Journal of History
Culture and Art Research, 9(4), 176-183.
https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v9i4.2810
Pereira, P., Bašić, F., Bogunovic, I., &
Barcelo, D. (2022). Russian-Ukrainian war
impacts the total environment. Science of The
Total Environment, 837, 155865.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155
865
Poiarkova, T. (2022). “Others” in the Ukrainian
Society as a Result of the Modern Russian-
Ukrainian War. European Journal of
92
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Sustainable Development, 11(1), 20.
https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n1p20
Sheiko, V. (2022, March 18). Cancel Russian
culture’ as a means of survival. LB, Retrieved
from:
https://en.lb.ua/news/2022/03/18/11413_can
cel_russian_culture_means.html
Svyrydenko, D., & Możgin, W. (2019). The
Condition of Contemporary Ukrainian
Culture: The Postcolonial Retrospective and
Perspective. Ukrainian Policymaker, 4,
43-51. https://doi.org/10.29202/up/4/6
Tkachenko, O. (2022, June 3). Russia destroyed
over 370 cultural heritage sites after 100 days
of war. Ukrinform, Retrieved from:
https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-
ato/3498908-russia-destroyed-over-370-
cultural-heritage-sites-after-100-days-of-
war-tkachenko.html
Vasianovych, Y. (2020). Peace and war
associations of Ukrainian humanities
students. Scientific Journal of Polonia
University, 38(1-2), 110-116.
https://doi.org/10.23856/3855
Zhurzhenko, T. (2021). Fighting Empire,
Weaponising Culture: The Conflict with
Russia and the Restrictions on Russian Mass
Culture in Post-Maidan Ukraine. Europe-
Asia Studies, 73(8), 1441-1466.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.1944
990