Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
221
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.62.02.22
How to Cite:
Overchuk, V., Liashch, O., Ihnatovych, O., Sarancha, I., Boiarskyi, N., & Boiarska, Z. (2023). Psychological resources of the
individual style of overcoming stress in the conditions of military aggression. Amazonia Investiga, 12(62), 221-229.
https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.62.02.22
Psychological resources of the individual style of overcoming stress in
the conditions of military aggression
Психологічні ресурси індивідуального стиля подолання стресу в умовах військової
агресії
Received: February 10, 2023 Accepted: March 12, 2023
Written by:
Victoriia Overchuk1
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-9346
Oksana Liashch2
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1317-4398
Olena Ihnatovych3
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0588-0620
Iryna Sarancha4
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5715-6271
Nazarii Boiarskyi5
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2715-3141
Zoryna Boiarska6
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-2498
Abstract
Currently, world statistics clearly shows the
growing relevance of stress-related issues as a
result of military and peacekeeping operations,
wars and conflicts. Both military personnel and
persons who are representatives of other
professional areas are subject to a significant
influence of stressful factors in the conditions of
military aggression leading to a violation of their
mental activity, and, consequently, complete or
partial loss of combat capability and ability to
work. The effectiveness of overcoming stress in
such a case is to a great extent determined by a
person’s ability to use available individual
psychological resources. The purpose of the
academic paper is to systematize the scientists’
standpoints regarding the features of the
individual style of overcoming stress during
military aggression, as well as to clarify the
1
Doctor of Economics, Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor, Department of Psychology, Donetsk National University
named after Vasyl Stus, Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
2
Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Social Work, Vinnytsia Mykhailo
Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
3
Doctor of Sciences in Psychology, Senior Researcher, Department of Occupational Psychology, Ivan Ziaziun Institute of Pedagogical
and Adult Education of the National, Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
4
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Social Work, Vinnytsia M. Kotsiubynskyi
State Pedagogical University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
5
Master’s Student, Department of Psychology, Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
6
PhD of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Vilnius University, Vilnius,
Lithuania.
222
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
practical features of the issue outlined.
Methodology. In the course of the research,
system-structural, analytical-bibliographic,
comparative, logical-linguistic methods,
analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction
were applied to process scientific information on
applying individual psychological resources in
war conditions. A questionnaire was used to
study practical issues on the research topic.
Along with this, idealization was used to study
and process statistical, analytical data and the
survey results. Results. Based on the research
results, information in scientific works on
applying individual psychological resources to
overcome stress in the conditions of military
aggression was selected and systematized;
certain practical aspects of this process were also
clarified.
Keywords: Stress, coping behavior, models of
coping with stress, personal resources, stress
resistance, personal potential, “military
aggression”.
Introduction
In the modern world, many people, especially
military personnel, work in extreme conditions.
During the war, the effectiveness of such
activities is determined by professional
knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as by the
presence and level of developing relevant
personal qualities, individual properties, in
particular, stress resistance, which is a
component of personality adaptability.
The theoretical part of the present research
substantiates the concepts, components and main
tendencies of the investigations in the scientific
literature regarding the features of establishing
individual psychological resources to overcome
the stressful state in conditions of military
aggression.
The practical part of the research includes
revealing the most significant skills that
determine a person’s potential ability to
individually overcome stress in conditions of
military aggression, a person’s psychological
characteristics requiring special attention and
shaping his personal adaptation potential from
the perspective of stress resistance. The survey
made it possible to establish the individuals’
most negative psychological tendencies
hindering the effective formation of individual
psychological resources to overcome stress, as
well as skills and forms of behavior contributing
to the most effective accumulation of individual
psychological resources to overcome stress in
conditions of military aggression. In addition, a
person’s psychological characteristics have been
singled out, which require more thorough
scientific investigation and development of
practical recommendations for effectively
overcoming stress during the war.
Based on the research results, conclusions were
made regarding the issues raised. In particular, it
was revealed that the primary skills determining
a person’s potential ability to overcome stress in
conditions of military aggression individually are
self-control, endurance and the ability to
“qualitatively” communicate. At the same time,
a person’s psychological characteristics, which
need to be paid attention to and which form his
personal adaptation potential from the
perspective of stress resistance, are primarily the
individual’s stress resistance and personality
self-esteem. The survey participants also
determined people’s negative psychological
tendencies that make it difficult to effectively
form individual psychological resources to
overcome stress and require additional work.
They are negativism, resentment, envy and
hatred of others for real and imaginary actions,
distrust and feelings of guilt. The components of
resistance to stress, which should be paid
particular attention and which form its personal
Overchuk, V., Liashch, O., Ihnatovych, O., Sarancha, I., Boiarskyi, N., Boiarska, Z. / Volume 12 - Issue 62: 221-229 /
February, 2023
Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
223
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
adaptation potential from the perspective of
resistance to stress, and, accordingly, have the
greatest significance in practical activities to
overcome it, according to respondents’
standpoints, are motivation, willpower and
professional training, awareness and readiness of
a person to perform specific tasks. The survey
showed that the skills contributing to the most
effective accumulation of individual
psychological resources to overcome stress in
conditions of military aggression are the ability
to mobilize effective efforts to overcome stress
and the ability to reduce mental stress using state
correction methods.
Literature Review
Attempts to comprehensively understand the
personal qualities responsible for successful
adaptation and overcoming life difficulties are
defined in modern psychology by the concept of
personal adaptive potential and a person’s
determining resistance to external circumstances.
At the same time, scientists consider adaptability
mainly as a person’s individual, personal quality
(Steingräber et al., 2021).
Psychologists also consider the individual ability
to overcome stress as a property of a living self-
regulating system (Prykhodko et al., 2020).
Overcoming stress is the process of forming and
implementing cognitive behavioral actions,
efforts, as well as protective and adaptive
emotional reactions intended to conduct external
and internal requirements. This process includes
the following phases: development of motivation
and goal orientation to overcome stress in
specific conditions; based on perceiving and
comparing information, an assessment of the
external situation and own resources is formed,
the necessary preparation and decision-making
on using appropriate behavioral strategies take
place; mechanisms for regulating emotions and
will are included to implement the chosen
strategy; specific actions are taken to overcome
stress; an assessment of the result of work with
stress is issued (Kokun, Pischko & Lozinska,
2022).
In the process of overcoming stress, a successive
change in the stages of psychological activity
takes place for assessing a specific stressful
situation and personal resources, as well as for
selecting and implementing a relevant strategy of
behavior in the conditions of stress development.
There is a close interrelationship between these
components, characterizing the regular
alternation of stages of overcoming stress (Nassif
et al., 2019).
Individual stress coping should be considered
taking into account the features of an individual’s
personal and social resources, depending on
manifesting specific cognitive and behavioral
strategies that a person uses to manage his
emotional reactions in stressful conditions, as
well as considering the individual ways and
methods of coping with stress that a person uses
most often (Osório et al., 2018).
The psychology of overcoming stress studies
psychophysiological mechanisms, emotional and
rational regulation of human behavior. The goal
of the person’s actions in this situation is the
formation of optimal behavior depending on life
circumstances or their transformation based on
their intentions (Richardson et al., 2020).
The approach used to study how humans create
their coping mechanisms to cope with stress
takes into account each individual’s capacity of
natural coping instincts. One of the forms of a
coping strategy for overcoming stress is a search
activity that ensures the subject’s participation in
emotional and rational strategies in various
situations (Sanders et al., 2019).
The choice of ways to overcome stress is
influenced by individual and psychological
features, namely: temperament, level of anxiety,
way of thinking, features of the locus of control
(Williams & Berenbaum, 2019).
The meaningfulness of certain ways to respond
in difficult life situations depends on the degree
of a person’s self-fulfillment. The higher the
personality development level is, the more
successfully a person overcomes psychological
difficulties (Chen, Yang & Chiang, 2018).
Scientists pay attention to the significant role of
the ability to assess the situation, which
determines the correct choice of stress
management strategy. The depth and correctness
of assessing influences a person’s confidence in
controlling the situation and the ability to change
it. The authors of studies on this topic introduce
the term “cognitive assessment” and define it as
an individual’s activity, that is “...the process of
recognizing the specifics of a situation,
identifying its negative and positive sides,
determining the content and meaning of what is
happening” (Ligeza, Larson & DeBeliso, 2022).
The strategies that a person will use to solve a
difficult stressful situation depend on how the
mechanism of cognitive evaluation works.
224
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Cognitive assessment is an integral part of the
emotional state (Nindl et al., 2018).
Aims
The purpose of the research is to determine the
standpoint of scientists conducting studies in the
sphere of stress management and practicing
psychologists regarding the specifics of the
individual style of overcoming stress during
military aggression.
Materials and Methods
A practical study of modern tendencies in using
individual psychological resources to overcome
stress in conditions of military aggression was
conducted by interviewing 228 practicing
psychologists, as well as 204 scientists
conducting studies and teaching activities in 12
higher educational institutions in Khmelnytskyi,
Sumy, Poltava and Kyiv regions of Ukraine. The
research was conducted using the Google Forms
service.
Results
The survey participants believe that currently, in
the conditions of economic and political
instability in the world, acts of military
aggression and, accordingly, an increase in
stressogenic factors, the primary skills
determining a person’s potential ability to
overcome stress in conditions of military
aggression individually are as follows (Figure 1):
– self-control;
– endurance;
– the ability to communicate
“qualitatively”.
Figure 1. The primary skills determining a person’s potential ability to overcome stress in conditions of
military aggression individually, %.
Source: compiled by the authors.
The survey respondents also identified a person’s
psychological features that should be taken into
consideration and that determine their individual
capacity for adaptability in terms of stress
resistance (Figure 2).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Endurance
Decision-making ability
Rational understanding
of one's actions
Organization
The ability to create
one's own circle of
communication
The ability to
communicate
“qualitatively”.
The ability to control
oneself
52
36 34 39 38
49 53
51
32 33 41 34
52 57
According to practicing psychologists' standpoint According to scientists' standpoint
Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
225
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Figure 2. Psychological features of a person, which should be paid attention to and which form his personal
adaptation potential from the perspective of stress resistance, %.
Source: compiled by the authors.
It can be observed from Figure 2, based on scientists’ and practical psychologists’ standpoints, that the
individual’s stress resistance and self-esteem are the most significant features.
An important aspect of the research was studying the survey participants’ viewpoint regarding persons’
negative psychological tendencies, hindering the effective formation of individual psychological resources
to overcome stress and requiring additional measures (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Persons’ negative psychological tendencies hindering the effective formation of individual
psychological resources to overcome stress, %.
Source: compiled by the authors.
Based on the survey, there are the following
tendencies:
– negativism – a form of oppositional behavior
from passive resistance to active struggle
with established customs and laws;
– resentment, envy and hatred of others for
real and imaginary actions;
– distrust – from being wary of people to
believing that other people are planning and
causing harm;
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Stress resistance
Self-assessment of the
personality
A sense of social
support, which
determines a person's
sense of significance for
others
Conflict of the
personality
Experience of social
communication
52 49
38 42 33
54 48 39 38 37
According to practicing psychologists' standpoint According to scientists' standpoint
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Physical
aggression
Indirect aggression
Verbal aggression
Irritation
Negativism
Resentment, envy
and hatred of
others
Distrust
Guilt
36 32 36 31 31
52 49 48
37 34 38 33 34
48 51 51
According to practicing psychologists' standpoint According to scientists' standpoint
226
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
– guilt, expressing the belief of the subject that
he or she is a bad person, doing bad things,
and also experiencing remorse.
In the course of the research, the respondents
were asked to identify the components of
individual psychological resistance to stress,
which form personal adaptation potential. These
are a person’s psychological features, requiring
more thorough scientific study and development
of practical recommendations for effectively
overcoming stress during the war (Figure 4).
Figure 4. A person’s psychological features, requiring more thorough scientific study and development of
practical recommendations for effectively overcoming stress during the war, %.
Source: compiled by the authors.
According to the survey participants’ standpoint,
such features are primarily motivation (by
changing motivation, one can increase (or
decrease) emotional resistance), willpower,
which is expressed in conscious self-regulation
of actions to bring them into line with the
situation’s requirements, as well as professional
training, awareness and readiness of a person to
perform specific tasks. Along with this, both
psychologists and scientists rated such features
as the emotional experience of the individual,
accumulated in the process of overcoming the
negative impact of extreme situations, and
intellectual qualities – the ability to assess the
requirements of the situation, predict their
possible change, and make decisions about the
methods of action.
The skills contributing to the most effective
accumulation of individual psychological
resources to overcome stress in conditions of
military aggression are another important issue
clarified during the survey (Figure 5).
The research has shown that the organization of
resources, the ability to mobilize effective efforts
to overcome stress, and the ability to reduce
mental stress using state correction methods
contribute most to the effective accumulation of
individual psychological resources to overcome
stress in conditions of military aggression.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Motivation
Emotional
experience of a
person
Willpower
Professional training,
awareness and
readiness of a person
to perform specific
tasks
Intellectual qualities
41 34
52 49
31
42 36
51 48
32
According to practicing psychologists' standpoint According to scientists' standpoint
Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
227
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Figure 5. Skills and forms of behavior contributing to the most effective accumulation of individual
psychological resources to overcome stress in conditions of military aggression, %.
Source: compiled by the authors.
Discussion
A person’s social resources in a stressful
situation are determined by moral support level
of others, personal values and interpersonal
relationships (Gray et al., 2018).
The process of overcoming stress involves the
mobilization of personal and social resources.
The use of behavior’s certain strategies depends
on the peculiarities of the influence of such
factors as the demographic and personal
characteristics of a person, the environment, life
crises, the situation importance, the intensity of
manifesting emotional and cognitive reactions.
Ways to overcome stress include the ability to
show constructive activity, to experience an
event without avoiding it (Shiozawa et al., 2019).
In the psychological literature, the only resource
of a person is considered to be a complex of a
person’s personal-psychological, professional
and physical resources. Personal and
psychological resources are psychological
attitudes significantly influencing on the
regulation of behavior in difficult situations (self-
control, self-esteem, a sense of self-worth,
optimism, a sense of humor, stereotypes, etc.),
reflecting the specifics of the course of cognitive,
psychological, emotional, volitional processes
(Park & Colvin, 2019).
The role of personal, psychological and social
resources in coping with stress is crucial for the
choice of strategies and behavior in a stressful
situation. However, this choice is influenced by
situational factors, the cognitive assessment of
which, together with the assessment of the
individual potential of a person, allows
determining the necessary resources to overcome
stress (Keefer & DeBeliso, 2020).
Classical science assumes that the crucial
elements of the psychological stress management
strategy are as follows: real (cognitive or
behavioral) problem solving; search for social
support; reassessment of the situation; protection
and problem prevention; bypassing the solution
of the problem; emotional expression (Kalka et
al., 2022).
At the same time, the most adaptive coping
strategies are those aimed at solving the problem
situation. These include: active coping – active
measures to eliminate sources of stress; planning
one’s actions regarding a problematic situation;
search for public support; positive interpretation
– assessment of the situation from the perspective
of its positive aspects; acceptance – recognition
of the situation’s real aspects (Chen, Yang &
Chiang, 2018).
The second block of coping strategies can help a
person adapt in a stressful situation. However, it
differs from active coping strategies. Such
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Knowledge of the nature of
stressors and signs of stress
Assessment of the situation
and selection of a relevant
individual behavior strategy
Determination of the
possibility of direct
elimination of stressors
Organization of resources,
mobilization of effective
efforts to overcome stress
Cognitive reassessmebt of
the importance of
resistance to stressors
Reduction of mental
tension using methods of
state correction
41 38 39
49
37
51
42 37 41
52
36
49
According to practicing psychologists' standpoint According to scientists' standpoint
228
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
coping strategies are as follows: the search for
emotional public support, that is, the search for
sympathy and understanding; reduced activity in
relation to other things and full concentration on
sources of stress; waiting for more favorable
conditions to solve the problem situation (Chen,
Yang & Chiang, 2018).
Stress management depends not only on the
choice and application of a relevant strategy of
behavior, but also on the style of coping with
stress, namely, an individual-specific stereotype
(method, algorithm) of actions to solve a
problem. The typical manifestations of these
styles are a person’s behavior (Tavakolizadeh,
Yazdi & Akbary, 2019).
There are proactive and reactive styles of stress
management. People with a proactive style seek
to prevent stress from developing, while people
with a reactive style take less preventive action
and react impulsively to stress (Muntean et al.,
2019).
Scientists note that any behavior aimed at
overcoming stress begins with assessing the
environment, which can be significant, harmful,
useful, life-threatening (Abdullahi et al., 2020).
Preventive coping lies in preventing a stressor’s
impact and includes avoiding stressful factors by
regulating living conditions and activities,
optimizing the level of situational requirements,
and developing personal resources to overcome
stress (Chen, Yang & Chiang, 2018).
At the same time, some experts suggest that
overcoming stress can be considered from the
standpoint of operational and preventive
consequences for the situation. Operational stress
management is an attempt to eliminate or reduce
the response to a stressor (Shiozawa et al., 2019).
Conclusions
Therefore, the analysis of the scientific literature
on the research topic and the questionnaire
results showed that the process of overcoming
stress is a logical change in the stages of
psychological activity from assessing a specific
stressful situation and personal resources to
selecting and implementing a relevant strategy,
behavior styles in conditions of stress
development.
Bibliographic references
Abdullahi, A. M., Orji, R., Rabiu, A. M., &
Kawu, A. A. (2020). Personality and
Subjective Well-Being: Towards
Personalized Persuasive Interventions for
Health and Well-Being. Online
Journal of Public Health Informatics, 12.
https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v12i1.10335
Chen, K. J., Yang, C. C., & Chiang, H. H. (2018).
Model of coping strategies, resilience,
psychological well-being, and perceived
health among military personnel. Journal of
Medical Sciences, 38(2), 73. https://doi.org/
10.4103/jmedsci.jmedsci_60_17
Gray, C. L., Messer, L. C., Rappazzo, K. M.,
Jagai, J. S., Grabich, S. C., & Lobdell, D. T.
(2018). The association between physical
inactivity and obesity is modified by five
domains of environmental quality in US
adults: A cross-sectional study. PloS One,
13(8), e0203301.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.020330
1
Kalka, N., Blikhar, V., Tsyvinska, M., Kuzo, L.,
Marchuk, A., & Katolyk, H. (2022). Analysis
of Peculiarities and Components of
Resiliency of People Facing Military
Aggression against Ukraine. BRAIN. Broad
Research in Artificial Intelligence and
Neuroscience, 13(3), 320-
339. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/13.3/370
Keefer, M., & DeBeliso, M. (2020). A
comparison of United States Marine Corps
Physical Fitness Test and Combat Fitness
Test results. International Journal of Exercise
Science, 13(4), 1741.
https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000676936.
26792.de
Kokun, O., Pischko, I., & Lozinska, N. (2022).
Examination of military personnel’s changed
psychological states during long-term
deployment in a war zone. Anales de
psicología/Annals of psychology, 38(1), 191-
200. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.475041
Ligeza, N., Larson, A., & DeBeliso, M. (2022).
Resilience, Psychological Stress, Physical
Activity, and BMI among United States Air
National Guardsmen: The COVID-19
Pandemic. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine,
12(1), 26-36.
https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2022.12.1.26
Muntean, L. M., Nirestean, A., Popa, C. O., &
Lukacs, E. (2019). The Relationship between
Emotional Stability, Psychological Well-
Being and Life Satisfaction of Romanian
Medical Doctors during COVID-19 Period:
A Cross-Sectional Study. International
Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health,
19(5), 2937. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19
052937
Volume 12 - Issue 62
/ February 2023
229
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Nassif, T., Start, A. R., Toblin, R. L., & Adler, A.
(2019). Self-reported mindfulness and soldier
health following a combat deployment.
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research,
Practice, and Policy, 11(4), 466–474.
https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000413
Nindl, B. C., Billing, D. C., Drain, J. R.,
Beckner, M. E., Greeves, J., Groeller, H.,
Teien, H. K., Marcora, S., Moffitt, A.,
Reilly, T., & Taylor, N. A. (2018).
Perspectives on resilience for military
readiness and preparedness: Report of an
international military physiology roundtable.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,
1(21), 11, 1116–24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.005
Osório, C., Jones, N., Jones, E., Robbins, I.,
Wessely, S., & Greenberg, N. (2018).
Combat experiences and their relationship to
post-traumatic stress disorder symptom
clusters in UK military personnel deployed to
Afghanistan. Behavioral Medicine, 44(2),
131-140.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2017.1288
606
Park, S., & Colvin, K. F. (2019). Psychometric
properties of a Korean version of the
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a military
sample. BMC Psychology, 7, 58.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0334-8
Prykhodko, I. I., Bielai, S. V.,
Hrynzovskyi, A. M., Zhelaho, A. М.,
Hodlevskyi, S. O., & Kalashchenko, S. I.
(2020). Medical and psychological aspects of
safety and adaptation of military personnel to
extreme conditions. Medical News, 73(4),
679-683.
https://doi.org/10.36740/WLek202004110
Richardson, N. M., Lamson, A. L., Smith, M.,
Eagan, S. M., Zvonkovic, A. M., & Jensen, J.
(2020). Defining moral injury among military
populations: A systematic review. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 33(4), 575-586.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22553
Sanders, W., Smith, B. N., Fox, A. B., &
Vogt, D. (2019). Five-year impacts of family
stressors and combat threat on the mental
health of Afghanistan and Iraq war veterans.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(5), 724-732.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22437
Shiozawa, B., Madsen, C., Banaag, A., Patel, A.,
& Koehlmoos, T. (2019). Body mass index
effect on health service utilization among
active-duty male United States Army
soldiers. Military Medicine, 184(9-10),
447-53.
https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz032
Steingräber, A. M., Tübben, N., Brinkmann, N.,
Finkeldey, F., Migutin, S., Bürger, A., ... &
Gorzka, R. J. (2021). Contributions to
Operational Psychology: Psychological
Training Model in the Context of Stress
Management for Specialized German
Military Police Personnel and Specialized
Police Personnel. Journal of Police and
Criminal Psychology, 37, 146-154.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11
896-021-09478-3
Tavakolizadeh, J., Yazdi, E., & Akbary, A.
(2019). The impact of Adler lifestyle
education on resiliency of parents of educable
mentally retarded students. BRAIN. Broad
Research in Artificial Intelligence and
Neuroscience, 10(3), 5-11.
https://lumenpublishing.com/journals/index.
php/brain/article/view/2177
Williams, C. L., & Berenbaum, H. (2019). Acts
of omission, altered worldviews, and
psychological problems among military
veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory,
Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(4),
391-395. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000394