Volume 12 - Issue 65
/ May 2023
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http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.65.05.30
How to Cite:
Boyko, Y., Sierhieieva, O., Tarasova, O., Matsiuk, O., & Dmytroshkin, D. (2023). English Media Discourse of the Early 21st
Century: Lexical Innovations. Amazonia Investiga, 12(65), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.65.05.30
English media discourse of the early 21st Century: Lexical innovations
El discurso de los medios de comunicación ingleses de principios del siglo XXI: Innovaciones léxicas
Received: April 28, 2023 Accepted: June 2, 2023
Written by:
Boyko Yuliya1
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-5657
Sierhieieva Oksana2
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8550-5443
Tarasova Olga3
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8574-6466
Matsiuk Olena4
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5156-0292
Dmytroshkin Denys5
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-754X
Abstract
The emergence of a new kind of discourse on the
world stage called media discourse or media
discourse produces the trends of globalization
and the development of communication
technologies in the world. The article deals with
the phenomenon of English-language media
discourse as a relatively new linguistic
phenomenon. The aim of this research work is a
thorough analysis of the concept of English-
language media discourse, reflecting the
dynamics of modern language and identifying
the features of lexical innovations in English-
language media discourse. The comparative
analysis method, typological method, method of
component analysis, and descriptive method of
research were used to study the issue of English-
language media discourse. Using the
comparative analysis method, the saturation of
linguistic innovations and their prevalence were
determined. Using the typological method, the
common qualities of English and Ukrainian in
the projection on their variety of linguistic
characteristics were established. The method of
component analysis helped in the study of the
content part of the newly formed linguistic units.
1
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Lecturer, Head of Department of Germanic Languages and Translation Studies Faculty of
International Relations and Law Khmelnytskyi National University, Ukraine.
2
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Lecturer at Department of Germanic Philology and Translation Studies Faculty of International
Relations and Law Khmelnytskyi National University, Ukraine.
3
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Lecturer at Department of Germanic Philology and Translation Studies Faculty of International
Relations and Law Khmelnytskyi National University, Ukraine.
4
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Lecturer at Department of Germanic Philology and Translation Studies Faculty of International
Relations and Law Khmelnytskyi National University, Ukraine.
5
Senior instructor of Department of Germanic Languages and Translation Studies Faculty of International Relations and Law
Khmelnytskyi National University, Ukraine.
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Using the descriptive method, the modern state
of English-language media discourse was
characterized. As a result of the scientific
research trends of modern English-language
media discourse in content and form have been
studied and analyzed, as well as changes in the
potential of modern linguistic means through the
mechanism of new word formation, which is a
prospect for further scientific research in this
direction.
Keywords: lexical innovation, linguistics, media
discourse, media text, semantic change.
Introduction
In the 21st century. society is in the era of digital
development, which inevitably affects most
spheres of its life, in connection with which
lexical innovations are in the field of attention of
linguists around the world.
Media discourse consists of serving a wide
audience in a digital format that is convenient for
modern society. It should be remembered that the
media remain the driving tools of communication
from several parties - to a large number of people
because with their help there is a broadcasting of
political, social, economic, and other
information. It is also important to pay attention
to the way these news are presented in the media,
because society's perception of news and events
also depends on this, which is influenced by
general ideology, public acceptance of certain
things, established stereotypes, accepted
morality, gender perception, and the like
(Pohorila, 2022). However, the dynamic modern
phenomenon of media discourse carries a
powerful pragmatic and evaluative potential,
influencing the views of society, forming its
subjective worldview. In turn, one of the
important parts of the mentioned linguistic
phenomenon is the modulated situation, which
media discourse embodies by means of linguistic
form and corresponding genres (Horbatko,
2021).
According to the semantic meaning, the term
“mass media” is a communicative and cognitive
phenomenon of the linguistic sphere, which
society needs because the purpose of this
phenomenon is to provide the process of
accumulation, study, and formation of general
public opinion, namely the views of society
(Pecheranskyi & Vaskul, 2018).
This research paper investigated the current
trends in English media discourse and identified
the features of lexical innovations in English-
language media discourse. Also, the article
analyzed the formation and development of
media discourse in the realities of the XXI
century. In accordance with the topic of the
study, a review of theoretical studies related to
the English media discourse, which forms a
general picture of the formation and development
of this phenomenon, was carried out. The study
examined and analyzed the works of researchers
who researched the issues of English media
discourse in their works.
Literature Review
In exploring the etymology of the term
“discourse,” let us turn our attention to Prima's
(2022) study, which argues that this linguistic
form has its origins in the Latin word diskursus,
which means to reflect. Discourse at its core,
according to Prima, is a basic subject of study in
communicative linguistics, which, in turn, aims
at a universal consensus.
It is worth noting that, as Miroshnychenko
(2020) notes in his own study, it is a linguistic
phenomenon of media space, which aims to
exchange important information for society, but
media discourse is also simultaneously a
cognitive and pragmatic environment that
broadcasts selected meanings to its audience.
Horbatko (2021), in her study, addressed issues
of media discourse features in linguistic theory.
The researcher argues that media discourse,
which is most relevant in the 21st century, is
becoming increasingly important in the life of
modern society, which is due to the rapid
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development of the media and virtual
information platforms. It should be noted the fact
that the interpretation of media discourse as
“media language”, “mass media language”,
“mass media discourse”, and “media discourse”
shows this phenomenon as common and
necessary for modern society.
In turn, Kozak (2021), in the study of advertising
media discourse draws attention to the lack of
constant interpretation, as well as the
classification of discourse, as due to its
interdisciplinary nature. However, the researcher
focuses on the complex and multidimensional
phenomenon of discourse and its multi-
functionality.
In his study of modern terminology of English
mass media discourse Krasivskyi (2021) argues
that modern media discourse expresses a high
degree of compression of terminological units, is
engaged in the improvement and actualization of
the latest verbal terminological tools and modern
conceptual apparatus. Also, O. M. Krasivskyi
emphasizes that even the English media term
itself, directly integrated into modern media
discourse and is a special form of formation of
meaning-making terms in speech actualization.
Kopiy (2021) in his study of the linguistic and
pragmatic features of realities in English media
discourse argues that the specificity of translation
of foreign texts is a complete corresponding
replacement of the meaning of texts, but the
mismatch of certain elements, grammatical
structures, stylistic features of such a match
becomes impossible. Therefore, according to
Kopiy, there is a need to use the terms
“adequacy” and “equivalence” in translation
between different languages, and the fact that
English media discourse has significant features,
there are difficulties in translation. However, it is
also important to remember what Hron (2021)
points out, that media vocabulary is not only part
of the active process of communication and
dissemination of information, but it also changes
the language of the media sphere. It should be
noted that the English language has a large stock
of word-formation patterns, which are modified
into new words with new meanings of
phenomena and concepts.
Linguistic innovations have been investigated in
their works by Ivanytska (2022) and Yenikeeva
(2022). However, Ivanytska in her study focused
on homonymic abbreviations, considering that
interpretation of such phenomena in English is
much easier than in Ukrainian, citing that in
English media abbreviations are quite common
and do not require explanation, whereas in
Ukrainian discourse to explain each such
introduction for clarity. In turn, Yenikeeva,
studying newly-formed derivative words in
English, argues for the multifaceted functions of
affixes, which play full-fledged lexical units.
Thus, with the help of variations of word
combinations, new words in meaning are formed,
which should be taken into account when
translating foreign media.
Considering the events of recent years,
researchers Marina (2021), Chumak (2022),
Babelyuk and Didukh (2020), Bondarenko
(2020) studied newly formed lexical units under
the influence of the problem of spread and
increasing influence of coronavirus infection on
the world media community. We should also
note the fact that, according to Marina (2021), a
new field of linguistic covidology in the
sequential accumulation of verbal and non-verbal
semiotic modes has formed in modern English-
language media discourse. Chumak (2022), in his
study of lexical covidic neologisms, notes the
impact of the pandemic on the linguistic aspect
of social life throughout 2020-2021. The formed
lexical units, according to the researcher, contain
lexical units of time and realities of life, namely
“coronavirus”, “epidemic/pandemic”,
“quarantine”, which began to function according
to the pattern of the structural component in a
number of similar lexical units. The study of
Babelyuk and Didukh (2020) revealed the trends
of the word-formation system of the English
language under the influence of lingual and
extralingual factors. The study states that more
than 1000 newly formed words and expressions
were registered for the COVID-19 phenomenon
designation in the Oxford English Dictionary
(OED). For her part, Bondarenko (2020) focused
on the enrichment of the lexical composition of
the modern language of the pandemic period with
the help of morphological neologisms. The
researcher believes that the majority of
neologisms were created with the help of word
composition and telescoping. Neologisms-
telescopisms, according to Bondarenko, are
formed the fastest, so the lion's share of
professional subreferences and common
vocabulary is exactly them.
A large number of researchers (Semida &
Ahmad, 2020; Kovalyuk, Kovalyuk & Fedych,
2022) pay attention to metaphoricity in media
discourse. Semida & Ahmad (2020), where the
researchers performed an analysis of the
portrayal of Ukraine in English discourse,
showed the vision of Ukraine through the
perception of it within the conceptual domains of
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war, TV shows, health, and literature, which
depicts the attitude toward Ukrainians and
Ukraine in integration with contemporary
political events. In turn, Kovalyuk, Kovalyuk,
and Fedych (2022) studied the established image
of Ukraine in traditional and modern mass-media
discourse. The study of scientists formed a
number of images, which show the traditional
media vision of Ukraine, in which the state is
presented as a living being/organism, researcher,
human, victim, warrior, hunter, rival, place,
polluted place, substance, the object of
extermination and employer. If we highlight the
modern image of the state, it is a traveling,
moving force, an integral part, an object that can
be shaped, a protective buffer, a killing field, a
testing ground, an object of sacrifice, an engine,
a home, a life, a goal. Thus, the metaphoricality
of the Ukrainian state in the media discourse is
quite broad and it appears in different images in
the media space.
In his own study, Kushnirov (2021) mentions
such a phenomenon as a distortion of information
in media space, due to its subjective, false, or
misrepresentation. The author points out that in
using English primary sources of information
there is a high probability of information
distortion, so it is important to study exactly
verified sources and to be critical of descriptions
of foreign origin presented in media discourse.
Methodology
The methodological basis of the article on the
study of lexical innovations of English media
discourse of the early 21st century is based on the
descriptive method, the method of comparative
analysis, the typological method, and the method
of component analysis. The descriptive method
of scientific research has been used for a
thorough and structured characterization of the
current state of English-language media
discourse. The comparative method was used to
determine the saturation of linguistic innovations
and their prevalence. The typological method,
which was used in writing the article, helped to
establish the common qualities of the English and
Ukrainian languages in the projection on their
diversity of linguistic characteristics. Using the
method of component analysis, the meaning of
the newly formed language units was under
investigation.
In this research, many newly formed words in
English media discourse of the early 21st century
and lexical innovations have been investigated.
The structure of newly formed words and lexical
innovations of English media discourse of the
early 21st century was formed in three
consecutive stages.
In the course of the first stage of the research
work, the literature sources of specialists who
have been involved in the study of English media
discourse and innovations in this industry were
collected and analyzed, which in its turn helped
in forming the main issue of this research.
In the second stage of the work, an analysis was
carried out, by means of which the main
emphases of the study of English media
discourse were established. Also, at this stage of
the work, the peculiarities of newly formed
words and their typological analysis were
highlighted.
In the third stage of the research work the
generalizations and results, which were formed
during the work on the topic of research of
English media discourse of the early 21 st
century and lexical innovations, which helped in
summarizing the overall results of this study
were carried out.
Results and Discussion
Linguists throughout the world began to be
interested in the terminology of media discourse
in the mid-50s of the previous century. However,
it should be noted that the most common
typology of media discourse is based on the types
of information transmission channels, which in
turn includes the discourses of the press,
television, radio, and the Internet (Dovbnya,
2022). According to the modern view of science,
discourse is a complex phenomenon that unites
all participants of communication and situations
in which communication takes place, as well as,
in turn, the text presented to media consumers. In
other words, the phenomenon of discourse is an
abstract invariant description of embodied
structural and semantic features directly in the
text of media publications (Prima, 2022).
It is important to note that the rapid pace of
development of the phenomenon of media
discourse now in the world and, in Ukraine in
particular, the improvement of digital technology
and gadgets, which have become an inseparable
part of life in modern society. The use of
compressed texts, hyperlinks, and hashtags to
indicate the chosen topics and interest of users of
social networks by bright keywords is a driving
force of the media discourse industry
development. Hypertextuality, disjointedness,
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multimodality, and interactivity are the main
features that media industry masters use to create
pragmatic appeal and introduce lexical
innovations into the media space
(Miroshnychenko, 2020).
However, it is important to remember that within
one country the creation of new words is not a
problem, because such a phenomenon as word
formation occurs according to the rules of this
language, therefore the structure of a newly
formed word and its meaning are clear. The
problematic thing is the foreign borrowing of
words and their use in languages, which leads to
the need for their explanation and translation, in
which discourse helps (Kopiy, 2021). Therefore,
it is important to remember that discourse can
only be national, that is, English, German,
British, Ukrainian, but the types of discourse can
be different (Table 1) (Kozak, 2021).
Table 1.
Examples of homonymic abbreviations in English with interpretation and translation.
№
Types of discourses
Examples
1
socio-specific discourses
holiday, leisure discourse, advertising, pre-election
2
discourses of professional strata
sports, pedagogical, medical, economic, diplomatic
3
discourses of everyday communication
youth, love, family, children's
4
discourses of subcultural and corporate strata
criminal, bank, sacral, revolutionary, terrorist, religious,
heroic, partisan, esoteric
5
discourses of virtual communication
fairy-tale, forum, computer, chat-discourse
Source: (Kozak, 2021).
In the twenty-first century, linguistic science has
many discursive directions in the form of certain
types of public communication. A striking
example of such communication is the discourse
of mass communication, i.e., mass media, or,
actually, mass-media discourse, characterized by
the actualization and involvement of modern
verbal terminological tools and conceptual
apparatus (Krasivskyi, 2021).
Noting the fact that the English language is rich
in word-formation models forming new words,
including abbreviation, affixation, word
formation, telescoping, and conversion, let us
pay attention to the fact that newly created
concepts and phenomena show human life
processes (Hron, 2021).
Given the events of recent years, the Covid-19
pandemic has also contributed to word-formation
patterns. Spheres of application of lexical
innovations to denote the realities of the time in
the strategies of organizing modern English
media discourse in the embodiment of accessible
interpretation of important information and
drawing attention to important things. Thus, the
newly-formed positions used to describe new
phenomena, represented by a new lexeme, with
the help of a commentary, detailing, and
comparison attracted much more attention to the
information than usual. For example, the use of
the lexeme “crowned” infants as referring to
newborns during the reign of the Covid-19
pandemic, etc. (Chumak, 2022).
One of the productive types of lexical
compression, abbreviation, accustomed to use in
media discourse due to the accelerating pace and
changes of modern life, as well as the increasing
flow of information is of great importance in the
linguistic community's response to the newest
societal factors. Abbreviated translations of
foreign, particularly English, media texts that
adapt to specific readerships can be a problematic
point in the interpretation of acronyms in the
future. It should be noted that for English media
the use of acronyms is typical, so most of them
are easily understood by readers based on the
indicated context. In connection with this
problem - abbreviations that do not have
correspondences in other languages should have
a full explanation of their meaning. For example,
consider the homonymity of English
abbreviations (Table 2) (Ivanytska, 2022).
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Table 2.
Examples of homonymic abbreviations in English with interpretation and translation.
Abbreviations
inf
AD
AC
ACP
BA
CP
Examples of the meaning of abbreviations/ their
translation
infant – child
attention
device – signaling
device
aerodrome
control – driving in the
control zone
acceptable
message – notice of
acceptance
beam
approach – application
for a position
at the
lighthouse
co – pilot – second pilot
information –
info
avalanche
diode – avalanche
diode
air carrier – air carrier
aerodrome
control point – air traffic
control center
blind
approach – application
for a position
by means of a
device
centre of
pressure – цeнтр
тиску
absolute ceiling
– absolute ceiling
breaking
action – breaking
triggering
control
panel – control
panel
Source: (Ivanytska, 2022).
Let us also pay attention to the fact that modern
English is rich in words that form derivatives,
acting as affixes, while remaining in the system
of full-fledged lexical units. Such examples are
abuse, aid, free (Figure 1), which have a large
number of meanings in combination with other
particles while remaining meaningful
(Yenikeeva, 2022).
Figure 1. Examples of variation of phrases in English with the word free.
Source: (Yenikeeva, 2022).
It is important to remember that in the case of
translation of such forms of newly-formed words
created by means of aphyxalization, we should
take into account the semantic changes that
occurred to the lexemes during the modification
of the word-forming elements. As a consequence
- the changes made distort the meaning in favor
of their specialization, but the newly formed
form can also acquire figurative meaning. The
same changes can also occur in the formation of
word-formation paradigms of traditional forms,
expressing common socio-cultural stereotypes.
Free/-free
Bug-free
Costfree
Rent-free
Tax-free Risk-free
Sanctions-free
GE-free
Sanctions-free
Tax-free
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For example, let us consider the word-formation
paradigm of a lexical unit of the English
language - the word Hipster (Figure 2), denoting
the socio-cultural stereotype of the moth
category, united in the stereotypical youth
subculture, which was actively covered in the
media discourse of past years.
Figure 2. Word-formation paradigm of the word “Hipster”
Source: (Lyubimova, 2022).
The modification of the semantics of the newly
formed lexical forms follows two ways of
development, which correspond to the
generalization and abstraction of the character of
the created words. Such characteristics mean a
departure from the particular to the general
(Figure 3, A), and, in turn, a transformation from
the general to the particular (Figure 3, B). Such
changes in the form of their external
manifestations of word formation are a clear
indicator of the activation of the phenomenon of
socio-cultural stereotypes in the field of media
discourse.
А)
Б)
Figure 3. Conversion of the word “Hipster” from singular to common (A) and from common to singular
(B)
Source: (Lyubimova, 2022).
However, it is important to remember that the
modification of words in English-language
media discourse enriches not only the general
lexical base but also the characteristics of certain
phenomena and stereotypes, which have gained
special significance in the media discourse of
English and other languages.
Studying the English-language discourse of
metaphorical images of the Ukrainian state, it is
important to pay attention to its portrayal through
the prism of Ukraine's relations in the political
arena and war, in particular, in the thesis
“Ukraine was able to destroy Moscow's energy
weapon for good.” (Semida & Ahmad, 2020,
p. 195), which portrays the relationship between
the Ukrainian state and the Russian state,
highlighting the political relations of the
countries. It is also important to remember that
newly formed words became the linguistic
marker of this war because they rallied all the
emotions of the Ukrainian people (Grytsenko,
2022).
Hipsterdom
Hipsterism
Hipsterhood
Hhipsterfication
Hipsterhood
Hipstery Hipsterish
Hipster
Social condition-hood
Worldview-ism
Result
-ation
Group of people-dom Sign-y
Sign-sh
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Subjective, unverified, or misrepresentation are
the main factors of change and modification of
verbalized information during its transmission.
Such characteristics of media distortion of
information may have intensional or objective
reasons. Intentional modification of the material,
or subjective mainly arises as a consequence of
the purposeful use of lingual and extralingual
means, subordinated to the corresponding vision
of the author of the material to achieve the
communicative goal. Objective reasons can be in
the case of the use of media of the so-called
“spoiled telephone”, where the content is
perverted when disseminated through subjective
interpretation, as well as under the influence of a
personal attitude to the content of information
(Kushnirov, 2021).
Conclusions
Summarizing the research work on the study of
English media discourse of the early XXI century
and related lexical innovations, we should pay
attention to the formation of new words based on
the events and phenomena prevailing in the
world media arena. Focusing on the spread of
lexical innovations borrowed from English
media discourse, it is necessary to thoroughly
study the contextual issues of word formation,
for the correct interpretation and use of new
words in modern media platforms.
According to the results of the research study, it
should be noted that innovations and word
formations continue to be modified depending on
the context of circumstances and time, but the use
of such phenomena and formations borrowed
from other languages require explanations for the
audience, for which they are unknown.
As a result of the research work on the study of
the issues of English media discourse of the early
twenty-first century and related lexical
innovations, the following results have been
formed. The tendencies of development of
modern English media discourse are clear, as, in
the Ukrainian media context of the war with the
aggressor country - Russia, new words are
formed in content and form, which are used in the
Ukrainian language and foreign media platforms.
However, it is important to understand that the
development and the process of word formation
is in constant motion, as linguistics and media are
very sensitive to social changes, and in turn adapt
to the requirements of time and events.
Considering that the world and, in particular,
Ukrainian media discourse continues to modify,
it is necessary to continue researching this issue.
Researchers of the topic of English media
discourse and lexical innovations should delve
into the phenomenon of word formation, as well
as analyze future research in this linguistic field.
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