286
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2024.74.02.24
How to Cite:
Klymenko, I., Tverdokhlib, N., Zlobin, O., Karachynskyi, O., & Kononenko, O. (2024). PTSD in military personnel: diagnosis,
treatment and support. Amazonia Investiga, 13(74), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2024.74.02.24
PTSD in military personnel: diagnosis, treatment and support
TEPT en el personal militar: diagnóstico, tratamiento y apoyo
Received: January 20, 2024 Accepted: February 26, 2024
Written by:
Ivan Klymenko1
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-7494
Nataliia Tverdokhlib2
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-197X
Oleksandr Zlobin3
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-1017
Oleksii Karachynskyi4
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2477-7329
Oksana Kononenko5
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8676-7410
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military
personnel demands urgent attention for enhanced
diagnosis, treatment, and support, addressing
mental health challenges in this crucial
demographic. The main goal is to offer a detailed
comprehension of how PTSD is diagnosed,
treated, and supported among military personnel.
This research utilizes established such
methodology as surveys from respected sources,
such as Hill & Ponton and the Center for
Advancing Health. The criteria for including
scientific sources underwent a rigorous selection
process using academic. In the results it was
discussed the treatments for PTSD in the
military, such as psychotherapy,
pharmacotherapy, and other approaches aimed at
reducing stress and alleviating distress. Special
attention is paid to support for service members
with PTSD, which may include social support,
rehabilitation programs and other interventions
1
PhD in Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Psychology, Educational and Scientific Institute of
Psychology and Social Sciences, Medical Psychology Department of the Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Kyiv, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: JGE-5112-2023
2
Postgraduate PhD Programme in Psychology at the Department of Psychology, Educational and Scientific Institute of Psychology
and Social Sciences, Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, Kyiv, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: АБВ-0296-2022
3
Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor at the Department Psychiatry, Addictiology, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology,
Educational and Scientific Medical Institute, National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», Kharkiv, Ukraine.
WoS Researcher ID: JXW-6968-2024
4
PhD in Psychological Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Sociology and Law, National Technical
University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Kyiv, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: JVE-1788-2024
5
Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social
Work, Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University, Odesa, Ukraine. WoS Researcher ID: D-6177-2016
Klymenko, I., Tverdokhlib, N., Zlobin, O., Karachynskyi, O., Kononenko, O. / Volume 13 - Issue 74: 286-298 / February, 2024
Volume 13 - Issue 74
/ February 2024
287
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
for their return to normal life after a traumatic
experience. It was found that effective diagnosis
and treatment of PTSD in military personnel can
significantly improve their quality of life and
reduce the risk of mental deterioration. The
conclusions emphasize the need for further
improvement of the support system for military
personnel with PTSD and spreading awareness
about this problem in order to improve the
quality of life of this group of people.
Keywords: military veterans, mental health,
trauma impact, psychological well-being,
therapeutic approaches, comprehensive support,
psychological rehabilitation.
Introduction
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains a
pressing concern for military personnel,
underscoring the profound psychological impact
of exposure to traumatic events during their
service. As a complex mental health condition,
PTSD not only poses challenges to individual
well-being but also jeopardizes the overall
effectiveness and resilience of military forces.
The persistent nature of PTSD within the military
milieu underscores the urgent need for tailored
interventions and support structures. Its
repercussions reverberate throughout military
ranks, influencing not only individual
psychological well-being but also permeating the
operational readiness and cohesion of armed
forces.
In navigating the aftermath of traumatic
experiences, addressing and mitigating the far-
reaching consequences of PTSD becomes
imperative for sustaining a robust and resilient
military force. The prevalence of PTSD in
military populations has spurred a growing body
of literature focusing on diagnosis, treatment,
and support systems tailored to the unique needs
of military personnel. Despite considerable
efforts, the research problem persists – how can
we comprehensively understand and effectively
manage PTSD among military members? This
question highlights the critical need for ongoing
research and intervention strategies that consider
the multifaceted aspects of PTSD within the
military context.
To contribute to the existing body of knowledge,
this study delves into the intricacies of PTSD
among military personnel. The primary objective
is to provide a nuanced understanding of
diagnosis, treatment modalities, and support
mechanisms available to military members
grappling with PTSD. The study will undertake
specific tasks, including a thorough literature
review, analysis of diagnostic criteria,
examination of treatment effectiveness, and
exploration of support systems.
By addressing these tasks, the research aims to
unravel the complexities of PTSD within military
contexts and offer insights that can inform more
targeted and effective approaches to diagnosis,
treatment, and support. Ultimately, this study
aspires to contribute valuable knowledge that
enhances the well-being of military personnel
and advances the broader understanding of PTSD
as a psychological phenomenon. In the following
sections, we will provide a brief summary of
each, outlining our approach to literature review,
analysis of diagnostic criteria, examination of
treatment effectiveness, and exploration of
support systems within the military context.
Literature review
In the backdrop of contemporary conflicts, such
as the ongoing hybrid war in Ukraine and
conflicts in regions like Israel and Syria
empirical investigations reveal an alarming
susceptibility to specific psychological disorders,
with a particular focus on chronic post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) among combatants. A
study conducted by Hrynzovskyi et al. (2022)
brought attention to a significant diagnosis rate
of approximately 20% for chronic PTSD among
former participants in the Anti-terrorist operation
(ATO) and those presently engaged in the Joint
Forces Operation in Ukraine. The intricate
interplay between warfare and mental and
physical health has become a pivotal focal point
in the scholarly discourse, especially in the
context of ongoing conflicts. Scholars have
systematically probed the psychological
challenges faced by combatants, shedding light
288
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
on various strategies for their social reintegration
and support (Bowd & Özerdem, 2013; Duel et
al., 2019). The examination of the psychological
well-being of individuals engaged in conflicts,
such as those in Ukraine and other regions,
remains critical for understanding the broader
implications of warfare on mental health
(Kryvolapchuk & Protsyk, 2020; Melnyk,
Prykhodko & Stadnik, 2019). Current studies
underscore the need for comprehensive research
that goes beyond diagnosing mental health
disorders, emphasizing the development of
effective support mechanisms and interventions
tailored to the unique challenges faced by
combatants in contemporary conflicts. The
modernization of medical care systems,
particularly in the context of armed conflicts, has
garnered significant attention in recent research
literature. Ilina-Stohniienko and Malets (2022)
delve into the modernization of the medical care
system for victims of armed conflicts, focusing
on the Ukrainian experience. Their work
explores innovative approaches to medical care,
shedding light on the challenges and
advancements in providing healthcare services to
those affected by armed conflicts. Rakhimov and
Mukhamediev (2022) shift the focus towards the
implementation of digital technologies in future
medicine. Their study examines the role of
digital technologies in shaping the future of
healthcare, presenting a forward-looking
perspective on the integration of technology into
medical practices. Kaminskyy and Viesova
(2022) contribute to the discourse on innovative
activities in healthcare institutions of the future.
In their research, they discuss models for
overcoming dilemmas and challenges within
healthcare, providing valuable insights into the
evolving landscape of healthcare practices.
Studies on the modernization of healthcare
systems in conflict zones have highlighted the
importance of innovation and technology to
improve the quality of care.
The exploration of psychological rehabilitation
for military personnel has not only been a focus
in global contexts but has also extended to the
experiences in Latin America, particularly in
Colombia. A series of studies sheds light on
various aspects of trauma, PTSD, and resilience
among military service members, guerrilla, and
paramilitary soldiers in this region. Bonanno et
al.'s (2012) prospective cohort study examines
trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in
deployed US military service members. The
study provides insights into the dynamic nature
of trauma responses and the factors contributing
to resilience among deployed personnel. The
findings contribute to understanding the long-
term impact of military deployment on mental
health and underscore the importance of
resilience as a crucial factor in coping with
trauma. In the Colombian context,
de la Espriella, Pingel, and Falla (2010) engage
in the (de)construction of a psychiatric diagnosis,
specifically PTSD, among former guerrilla and
paramilitary soldiers. The study highlights the
complexity of diagnosing and understanding
PTSD in the unique socio-political context of
Colombia. By examining the experiences of
individuals involved in armed conflict, the
research sheds light on the challenges of applying
traditional psychiatric diagnoses in diverse
cultural and contextual settings. Hourani,
Williams, Bray, and Kandel (2015) delve into
gender differences in the expression of PTSD
symptoms among active-duty military personnel.
This study brings attention to the nuanced ways
in which PTSD may manifest differently in men
and women within military contexts.
Understanding gender-specific expressions of
trauma symptoms is crucial for tailoring effective
interventions and support systems. Maldonado et
al. (2024) contribute valuable lessons learned in
military trauma in Colombia, providing insights
into the practical aspects of managing trauma in
a complex and dynamic environment. Their work
outlines practical approaches and considerations
in dealing with military trauma, offering a
comprehensive perspective on the challenges
faced in trauma care in the Colombian context.
Lastly, Thoene, García Alonso, and
Blanco Bernal (2020) focus on memory and
trauma among soldier victims in the Colombian
Armed Conflict. The study delves into the
psychological aspects of memory and trauma,
shedding light on the enduring impact of armed
conflict on the mental health of military
personnel. Understanding the interplay between
memory and trauma is crucial for developing
targeted interventions and support strategies. In
summary, these studies collectively contribute to
a nuanced understanding of trauma, PTSD, and
resilience among military personnel, with a
specific focus on the experiences in Latin
America, particularly Colombia. The exploration
of trajectories, cultural nuances, gender-specific
expressions, practical lessons, and the interplay
between memory and trauma enriches the
broader discourse on psychological rehabilitation
for military members. As the current study delves
into PTSD in military personnel, these insights
will inform and contextualize the exploration of
diagnosis, treatment, and support mechanisms
within the unique context of armed forces facing
contemporary conflicts.
Volume 13 - Issue 74
/ February 2024
289
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Moreover, Chovhaniuk, Bashkirova, Meleha,
and Yakymenko (2023) present a study on the
state of health in conditions of constant numerous
transitional and intermediate stages. Their
research explores the dynamics of health under
challenging circumstances, contributing to a
nuanced understanding of health in transitional
phases. Vostrotin and Litovchenko (2023) focus
on the clinical and paraclinical features of
psychopathological disorders in right hemisphere
stroke. Their research explores the psychological
aspects of stroke, contributing to the broader
understanding of mental health in the context of
neurological disorders. Lastly, the work of
Dobrovolska, Moroz, Shpak, Tsekhmister and
Vovchenko (2021) delves into motivational
mechanisms for emotional intelligence
development in practicing psychologists. Their
study explores the factors influencing the
development of emotional intelligence among
psychologists. These studies provide a
comprehensive overview of diverse topics within
the realm of healthcare, ranging from the
modernization of medical care systems in
conflict zones to the role of technology,
innovative activities and mental health dynamics.
The synthesis of these works contributes to a
holistic understanding of the evolving landscape
of healthcare practices and challenges.
Collectively, these diverse studies offer a
comprehensive overview of the multifaceted
challenges and innovations within the healthcare
landscape of conflict zones. In alignment with
the insights gained from this literature, the
current study on PTSD in military personnel
seeks to contribute to this discourse by
specifically focusing on the diagnosis, treatment,
and support mechanisms within the unique
context of armed forces facing contemporary
conflicts. By synthesizing and building upon the
key findings of the reviewed studies, our research
aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the
complexities surrounding PTSD among military
personnel, offering insights that can inform more
targeted and effective approaches to enhance the
well-being of those serving in challenging
environments. This endeavor aligns with the
broader goal of advancing the understanding of
mental health in conflict settings and underscores
the significance of ongoing research and
intervention strategies to address the intricate
challenges faced by military personnel.
Hence, the topic of posttraumatic stress disorder
among military personnel continues to be highly
relevant in the face of ongoing conflicts and the
emergence of new possibilities. Therefore, this
research aims to synthesize existing knowledge
and provide a fresh perspective on the treatment
and support of military personnel experiencing
this disorder. Efforts to consolidate existing data
and introduce new approaches are crucial steps in
ensuring quality assistance and understanding the
intricacies of this disorder within a military
context. As contemporary conflicts can expose
military personnel to various traumatic
situations, understanding, diagnosing, and
treating PTSD become essential tasks to ensure
their optimal physical and mental well-being.
Methodology
Research design
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains a
pervasive and critical issue within the military
landscape, necessitating a comprehensive
examination of the multifaceted challenges faced
by military personnel exposed to traumatic
events during active service. Recognized as a
complex mental health condition, PTSD extends
its impact beyond individual well-being,
affecting the overall effectiveness and resilience
of military forces.
Data collection
1. Quantitative data collection: survey
The study leverages existing surveys sourced
from reputable platforms, including Hill &
Ponton (Hill & Ponton., (n.d.)) and National
Center for PTSD (U. S. Departament of veterans
affairs (2023).). A detailed examination of the
statistical data was obtained from these surveys,
emphasizing key statistics related to the
prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of
PTSD among military personnel.
Prior to using surveys from Hill & Ponton and
the National PTSD Center, this study used
Statistica to process the data.
2. Qualitative data collection: scientific
literature
The inclusion criteria for scientific sources
involve a meticulous selection process using
academic databases like Google Scholar, Scopus,
and WoS, Publons, Crossref.
A comprehensive search using keywords such as
“military personnel”, “PTSD diagnosis”
“treatment strategies”, “rehabilitation” and
“psychological support”. The selection of
sources within a specific date range ensures
relevance and recency, encompassing scholarly
290
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
articles, books, and reports that address the
diagnosis, treatment, and support of PTSD
among military personnel.
The selection of literature for a study was a
critical process that involved the careful
consideration of various criteria to ensure the
relevance, credibility, and reliability of the
sources:
1. Relevance to the research topic. The
literature had to directly address or
contribute to the understanding of the
research topic, in this case, PTSD among
military personnel. Each selected source
needed to provide valuable insights, data, or
perspectives related to the specific aspects of
diagnosis, treatment, and support
mechanisms for PTSD in the military.
2. Publication date. Recent and up-to-date
sources were preferred to ensure that the
information reflected the latest
developments, research findings, and
advancements in the field. However,
seminal works or foundational theories
could also be included, with an emphasis on
incorporating contemporary literature.
3. Authoritativeness and credibility. The
credibility of the author or source was
crucial. Scholarly articles, peer-reviewed
journals, books from reputable publishers,
and reports from established organizations
contributed to the reliability of the literature.
The academic and professional background
of the authors also played a role in
determining the credibility of the source.
4. Methodology and research design. For
empirical studies, the methodology and
research design had to be sound. Research
that employed rigorous methods, such as
randomized controlled trials, longitudinal
studies, or systematic reviews, enhanced the
reliability of the information presented.
5. Currency of statistical data. When the
literature included statistical data, it was
essential to consider the timeliness of the
data. Statistics needed to be current and
relevant to the time frame of the study. This
was particularly important for understanding
the prevalence rates, diagnostic criteria, and
treatment outcomes associated with PTSD.
6. Peer Review. Peer-reviewed sources
underwent a rigorous evaluation process by
experts in the field. These sources were more
likely to be accurate, reliable, and of high
quality. Including peer-reviewed articles
enhanced the scholarly integrity of the
literature.
By adhering to these criteria, the researcher built
a robust literature review that formed the
foundation for a comprehensive and credible
exploration of PTSD among military personnel,
addressing the specific objectives of the study.
Data análisis
Quantitative Data Analysis:
The quantitative survey data collected will
undergo a thorough and rigorous statistical
analysis. This process will utilize descriptive
statistics to concisely summarize key findings
derived from the survey responses. The
quantitative survey data were subjected to
rigorous statistical analysis using Microsoft
Excel, employing descriptive statistics to
summarize key findings and inferential analyses.
Qualitative Data Analysis:
In the qualitative domain, the literature review
underwent a robust thematic analysis. This
involved identifying recurrent themes pertaining
to the diagnosis, treatment, and support of
military personnel with PTSD within the selected
scholarly sources. To enhance the credibility of
the qualitative findings, transparent coding
procedures were implemented. Moreover, an
exploration of intercoder reliability was
undertaken, reinforcing the trustworthiness of the
qualitative insights extracted from the literature.
Through these meticulous procedures, the
qualitative analysis aimed to provide a nuanced
understanding of the complexities surrounding
PTSD in military personnel.
Synthesis of Qualitative and Quantitative
Insights:
This research adopts an integrative approach,
synthesizing qualitative insights from scholarly
literature with rigorously analyzed quantitative
data derived from surveys. By combining these
two distinct but complementary methods, the
study aspires to construct a comprehensive and
cohesive understanding of PTSD among military
personnel. The overarching goal is to generate
valuable insights that inform effective strategies
for the diagnosis, treatment, and support of
military personnel experiencing posttraumatic
stress disorder.
Results and discussion
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among
military personnel is often exposed to intense and
life-threatening situations, such as combat,
Volume 13 - Issue 74
/ February 2024
291
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
natural disasters, or other high-stress scenarios,
which can trigger symptoms of PTSD (Palmer et
al., 2019).. PTSD can significantly impact a
military member's daily life, relationships, and
overall well-being (Engel et al., 2016). It is
essential to diagnose and treat PTSD promptly to
enhance the individual's quality of life and
functioning. Therefore, recognizing and
addressing PTSD is crucial for supporting the
mental health and resilience of military personnel
who have faced the challenges of traumatic
experiences during their service. American
researchers studying PTSD in military personnel
argue that when providing assistance, attention
should also be paid to the possibility of suicide
and violence towards others, especially family
members (Duel et al., 2019). In the United States,
it has been observed that more veterans died by
suicide after the Vietnam War than were killed in
combat. Studies show a connection between guilt
feelings and suicide (Duel et al., 2019). It should
also be noted that there is a higher risk of suicide
in physically injured military personnel.
The presented statistics in modern survey shed
light on the multifaceted aspects of posttraumatic
stress disorder among military personnel,
emphasizing the prevalence and consequences of
trauma within this demographic (Engel et al.,
2016). The development of PTSD among
military personnel is critical dimension.
Approximately 660,000 out of 5.5 million
American military personnel who served in
specific areas are reported to have developed
PTSD (Hill & Ponton, n.d.). The prevalence of
PTSD varies with age, with a higher incidence
among veterans aged 18 to 29 years (29.3%)
compared to those over the age of 60 (4%) (U. S.
Departament of veterans affairs, 2023). (See
Figure 1).
Figure 1. Prevalence of PTSD among American veterans by age group.
Source: Author’s development
Moreover, the prevalence statistics of post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among
Ukrainian military personnel suggest that many
veterans may conceal their psychological issues.
Specifically, 54% of veterans feel ashamed or
reluctant to acknowledge certain problems
related to PTSD (Gordiychuk, 2017). This
indicates that social stigmas or the fear of
revealing personal difficulties may impact
openness about psychological struggles.
Significantly, 22% of veterans have chosen to
keep their problems hidden (Gordiychuk, 2017).
This may reflect a desire to avoid disclosing
internal conflicts or an attempt to refrain from
societal judgment. Such an approach could lead
to a portion of veterans not receiving the
necessary psychological assistance or support,
negatively affecting their overall mental well-
being and adaptation to civilian life. Therefore, it
is crucial to develop programs and initiatives
aimed at reducing social stigmatization and
fostering open discussions about psychological
issues among Ukrainian veterans (See Figure 2).
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
18-29 years 30-44 years 45-59 years 50 years
Number of veterans (in percent)
292
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Figure 2. The attitudes of combatants towards receiving psychological assistance for addressing PTSD (in
percentages).
Source: based on Gordiychuk (2017)
In the international classification of mental
disorders, PTSD is characterized by three groups
of symptoms: symptoms of re-experiencing (or
intrusion symptoms); avoidance symptoms; and
symptoms of physiological hyperarousal
(Brownlow et al., 2018). In response to a
traumatic event, dissociative, somatoform, panic
disorders, depression, antisocial behavior, and
addictions may also develop. Some European
authors suggest supplementing the diagnosis of
PTSD with post-traumatic personality disorders,
as chronic PTSD symptoms can be felt
throughout a person's life (Walsh & Rosenblum,
2022). This is why such individuals require
social and psychological support. In the other
hand, combat-related PTSD is generally
understood as prolonged or delayed conditionally
adaptive mental changes and disorders that arise
as a result of the influence of combat factors.
Some of these mental changes in wartime are
adaptive, but in peacetime, they lead to various
forms of social adaptation.
Exploring the effectiveness of interventions, a
2021 study suggests that about 10 weeks of
treatment in a military clinic can significantly
improve mental health issues among military
personnel (Hill & Ponton, (n.d.)). The positive
outcomes are reflected in the statistics, where
38% of individuals experienced significant
improvements in their PTSD checklist or PCL
scores. Furthermore, 28% of individuals no
longer met the criteria for PTSD after the
intervention, indicating a noteworthy reduction
in symptoms. A success rate of 12.8%
underscores the positive impact of targeted
treatments on the overall well-being of military
personnel dealing with PTSD (U. S. Departament
of veterans affairs, 2023). In summary, these
comprehensive findings underscore the urgent
need for addressing sexual harassment and PTSD
within the military. The success rates reported in
interventions, particularly in military clinics,
highlight the potential for positive outcomes and
signify the importance of ongoing efforts to
support and improve the mental health of military
personnel. The following are the main
psychological and physiological manifestations
of post-traumatic stress disorders in combatants:
excessive vigilance, exaggerated reactions,
emotional blunting, aggressiveness, memory and
attention concentration impairments, depression,
general anxiety, outbursts of anger, substance
abuse, intrusive memories, hallucinatory
experiences, sleep problems, suicidal thoughts,
and guilt for surviving (Palmer et al., 2019).
Researchers showed that 75% of PTSD patients
experienced headaches and feelings of weakness
in various parts of the body, 56% experienced
nausea, heart and back pain, dizziness, feelings
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Attitude of combatants to
PTSD (in percentages)
They are ashamed or hinder the
detection of mental problems 54%
Mental problems lurk 22%
They have incomplete clinical
manifestations that lead to daily
negative consequences 15%
They have subthreshold
symptoms of PTSD 9%
Volume 13 - Issue 74
/ February 2024
293
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
of heaviness in the limbs, numbness in various
parts of the body, "lump in the throat," and 40%
of those surveyed had difficulty breathing
(Hussain, 2022; Kaminskyy & Viesova, 2022).
Psychological rehabilitation is part of the overall
rehabilitation complex (along with medical,
vocational, and social) aimed at restoring lost
(disturbed) mental functions, optimal
performance, social activity, restoring
(correcting) self-esteem and social status of
military personnel with mental disorders, combat
injuries, and disabilities (Napryeyenko et al.,
2019; Rakhimov & Mukhamediev, 2022;
Chovhaniuk et al., 2023). Rehabilitative tools of
psychological assistance during PTSD in
military personnel encompass a variety of
approaches aimed at addressing the complex
effects of trauma on mental health and well-being
(Zang et al., 2017). These tools are designed to
help individuals cope with and recover from
traumatic experiences, regain a sense of control
over their lives, and improve their overall quality
of life (See Table 1).
Table 1.
Rehabilitative tools of psychological assistance during PTSD
Tools
Characteristic
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is widely used in treating PTSD and
helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and
behaviors related to their traumatic experience. This therapy aims to reduce
symptoms and improve coping strategies.
Exposure Therapy
Exposure therapy gradually exposes individuals to memories, thoughts, or
situations related to their trauma in a safe and controlled environment. This
approach helps them confront and process their traumatic experiences,
ultimately reducing the intensity of their emotional responses over time.
Eye Movement Desensitization
and Reprocessing (EMDR)
EMDR is a specialized therapy that utilizes bilateral stimulation, such as eye
movements, to assist individuals in processing traumatic memories and
alleviating emotional distress.
Mindfulness-Based Therapies
Mindfulness-based approaches, like mindfulness-based stress reduction
(MBSR) or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), can aid
individuals in cultivating heightened awareness and acceptance of their
thoughts and emotions. This can be beneficial in effectively managing
symptoms of PTSD.
Group Therapy
Group therapy provides a supportive environment for individuals to share
their experiences, learn from others, and develop coping strategies together.
It can help reduce feelings of isolation and stigma often associated with
PTSD.
Medication
In certain instances, medications like antidepressants or anti-anxiety
medications may be prescribed to assist in symptom management for PTSD.
These medications are frequently utilized alongside therapy (Vostrotin &
Litovchenko, 2023).
Education and Psychoeducation
Providing information about PTSD, its symptoms, and available treatments
can help individuals better understand their condition and engage more
effectively in their recovery process.
Peer Support
Peer support programs connect individuals with lived experience of PTSD,
allowing them to share insights, offer mutual support, and learn from each
other's experiences.
Physical Activity and Recreation
Engaging in physical activity and recreational activities can help reduce
stress, improve mood, and promote overall well-being, which can be
beneficial for individuals with PTSD.
Source: Author’s development
Contemporary research confirms the
effectiveness of pharmacological medications in
treating this syndrome. In the realm of PTSD
treatment, medications such as paroxetine and
sertraline have been employed. A noteworthy
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial revealed
that the continuation of sertraline treatment
resulted in a mere 5% relapse rate, a stark
contrast to the 26% relapse rate observed in
patients administered a placebo. Beyond
medications specifically designed for PTSD,
researchers undertook a comprehensive
examination encompassing over a thousand
medications (Marx & Gutner, 2015). Employing
incidence rate ratios (IRR), the study identified
15 medications demonstrating protective
associations or robust protective effects against
PTSD. Notably, these drugs not only refrained
from escalating the risks of PTSD but also
exhibited risk reduction ranging from
294
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
approximately 30% to over 50%. The IRRs of
these drugs manifest a bias toward the protective
direction, with a higher IRR indicating a stronger
inclination towards protection. The IRRs for the
identified medications are as
follows:propranolol: 0.63; dexmethylphenidate:
0.68; Atomoxetine: 0.64; Guanfacine: 0.64;
Disulfiram: 0.48; Dextroamphetamine: 0.73;
Methylphenidate: 0.65; Clonidine: 0.65;
Prazosin: 0.33 and others (U. S. Departament of
veterans affairs, 2023). (See Figure 3).
Figure 3. Effectiveness of medications for PTSD
Source: Author’s development
These rehabilitative tools can be tailored to meet
the individual needs and preferences of military
personnel with PTSD, helping them effectively
manage their symptoms and improve their
overall quality of life (Zang et al., 2017). Support
for military personnel with PTSD is crucial and
can come in various forms. Researchers wrote
about some examples of it (See Table 2).
Table 2.
Forms of support of military personnel with PTSD
Forms
Characteristic
Therapeutic Interventions
Offering access to evidence-based therapies like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and group
therapy can assist individuals in processing their trauma and developing coping
strategies..
Medication Management
In certain instances, medications like antidepressants or anti-anxiety
medications may be prescribed to aid in managing symptoms of PTSD.
Family Support
Involving family members in therapy or providing education about PTSD can
help create a supportive environment at home.
Education and Awareness
Raising awareness about PTSD and reducing the stigma associated with mental
health problems can encourage individuals to seek assistance.
Employment and Vocational
Support
Assisting individuals in transitioning back to civilian life or finding meaningful
employment can improve their overall well-being.
Access to Healthcare
Ensuring that military personnel have access to mental health services and
resources is essential for effective treatment.
Crisis Intervention
Offering immediate support during moments of crisis or acute distress is critical
in preventing further harm.
Holistic Approaches
Incorporating holistic approaches such as yoga, meditation, or art therapy can
complement traditional treatments and promote overall well-being.
Continued Monitoring and
Follow-Up
Regular check-ins and follow-up appointments can help track progress and
address any new challenges that may arise.
Source: author’s development based on Vujanovic et al. (2011)
Overall, a comprehensive and multi-faceted
approach to supporting military personnel with
PTSD is essential in helping them recover and
lead fulfilling lives.
Several studies suggest that a brief course of
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for PTSD
can result in symptom reduction. Specifically,
within a six-week period, 21% to 46% of PTSD
patients receiving CBT exhibited a 50% decrease
in the severity of their mental health symptoms.
37% 38%
62% 60%
62% had improvement on paroxetine, compared to 37%
of those who received a placebo 60% had improvement on sertraline, compared to 38%
of those who received a placebo
Volume 13 - Issue 74
/ February 2024
295
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Another study indicated that around 32% to 53%
of PTSD patients who underwent at least 10 CBT
sessions experienced a 50% reduction in the
severity of their mental health symptoms.
However, it is important to note that 14% of
PTSD patients discontinued psychotherapy, with
exposure therapy having the highest dropout rate
at 50% (Hill & Ponton (n.d.)).
These results illuminate that psychological
rehabilitation emerges as a vital component of
the overall rehabilitation complex, focusing on
restoring mental functions, optimal performance,
and social activity while addressing self-esteem
and social status. Early initiation of
psychological rehabilitation, particularly during
the formation of psychopathology and post-
treatment, is crucial for effective intervention, as
confirmed in works such as (Agah, 2022;
Brownlow et al., 2018). Theses asserting that the
rehabilitative tools of psychological assistance
during PTSD in military personnel encompass
diverse approaches aimed at addressing the
complex effects of trauma on mental health and
well-being are also supported in contemporary
works by Marx & Gutner (2015), where patient
interviews describe their recovery and
realization. Specifically, according to Rona et al.
(2012) and Sommer et al. (2022), these tools aim
to help individuals cope with and recover from
traumatic experiences, regain control over their
lives, and enhance their overall quality of life.
On the other hand, the obtained results somewhat
contradict certain claims of contemporary
researchers. The findings challenge the assertion
that there is a direct link between heightened
arousal caused by PTSD and immune
dysfunction, potentially leading to autoimmune
diseases (Bookwalter et al., 2020). While
evidence suggests an interaction, the precise
mechanisms and causative factors remain
complex and may involve numerous contributing
elements beyond PTSD itself. However, it is
worth agreeing with hypotheses regarding a
noticeable connection between hearing loss and
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
(MacGregor et al., 2020; McLean et al., 2019).
Researchers noted that first-time hearing loss
was identified in 14.4% of the wounded with
varying degrees of severity (10.3% unilateral,
4.1% bilateral). At the same time, the rates of
diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
differed between groups: 9.1% for those with no
hearing loss, 13.9% for unilateral hearing loss,
and 29.2% for bilateral hearing loss (MacGregor
et al., 2020). Thus, these results indicate a
potentially significant link between bilateral
hearing loss and increased vulnerability to PTSD,
emphasizing the importance of further
exploration and understanding of these
relationships in the context of traumatic injuries
(MacGregor et al., 2020).
Similarly, a point of departure from Simon et al.
(2019) involves the assumption that "lower levels
of perceived social support (PSS) will be
reported for the Complex Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder (CPTSD) group compared to the non-
CPTSD group." It is crucial to consider that
various factors could influence the relationship
between perceived social support and complex
posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), and this
hypothesis might oversimplify the complexity of
this connection. Additionally, the authors of this
study presume causal relationships between
lower PSS and CPTSD, but it is important to
recognize that correlation does not necessarily
imply a causal relationship. Bidirectional
influences may exist, where CPTSD affects
social support and vice versa.
Hence, the novelty of the research lies in its
focused examination of Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) within the specific context of
military personnel. While PTSD is a well-studied
condition, this research uniquely tailors its
approach to the distinctive challenges
encountered by those in the military. It delves
into the intricate interplay of factors that
contribute to PTSD within this demographic,
acknowledging the nuances that set military-
related trauma apart. In terms of diagnosis,
treatment, and support, the study adopts a holistic
perspective, recognizing the interconnected
nature of these elements in addressing the
psychological impact of military service. This
integrative approach goes beyond isolated
examinations of each aspect, providing a more
comprehensive understanding of how these
components interact and influence the overall
well-being of military personnel. Practically, the
research holds significant implications for the
development of targeted interventions and
support systems for military members grappling
with PTSD. The findings offer practical insights
for mental health professionals, policymakers,
and military leadership, guiding the formulation
of more effective strategies to diagnose, treat,
and support individuals dealing with PTSD in the
military.
Conclusions
Hence, the study highlights the critical
dimensions of PTSD among military personnel,
emphasizing its prevalence, consequences, and
potential connections to various factors. The
296
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
prevalence of PTSD varies with age, with higher
incidence among younger veterans, and specific
symptoms, such as headaches and feelings of
weakness, are reported by a significant
percentage of individuals with PTSD.
Psychological rehabilitation, an integral part of
the overall rehabilitation complex, focuses on
restoring lost mental functions, optimal
performance, and social activity. This
comprehensive approach aims to correct self-
esteem and social status among military
personnel dealing with mental disorders, combat
injuries, and disabilities. Initiated even in the
presence of pre-pathological mental changes
caused by extreme psychogenic influence,
psychological rehabilitation is crucial at early
psychopathology stages and becomes especially
active in the final stages of treatment and post-
treatment. Therefore, the research emphasizes
the multifaceted aspects of posttraumatic stress
disorder among military personnel, recognizing
the significance of psychological rehabilitation
as a vital component of the overall rehabilitation
complex. It supports the idea that diverse tools of
psychological assistance are essential for helping
individuals cope with and recover from traumatic
experiences, enhancing their overall quality of
life.
In light of the obtained results, it is essential to
provide key recommendations for further actions
and improvement of support for military
personnel dealing with post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD).
1. Enhancement of psychological
rehabilitation. Considering the successful
outcomes of interventions, particularly in
military clinics, it is crucial to support and
develop psychological rehabilitation
programs for military personnel. Exploring
the extension of the duration and
accessibility of such programs is advisable.
2. Early detection and intervention.
Recognizing the importance of early
identification of PTSD, it is crucial to
develop systems for timely diagnosis and
effective interventions. Training medical
personnel and increasing awareness about
these matters can enhance outcomes
3. Post-service and deployment support. Given
the potential for delayed PTSD, ensuring
access to psychological support after
completing service is crucial. The
development of services for veterans and
their adaptation to civilian life can help
mitigate negative consequences.
These recommendations underscore the need for
an integrated and systematic approach to
addressing issues related to PTSD among
military personnel, with a focus on psychological
support and rehabilitation.
On the same time, the research among military
personnel is limited by several factors. For
example, it is hard for researchers to obtain
permission and access to military personnel for
research purposes can be restricted due to
internal military protocols and confidentiality of
information. Researchers may find it challenging
to obtain sufficient data for studying a large
number of military personnel with varying levels
of traumatic experiences and PTSD. Also, it can
be challenging to recruit an effective control
group in PTSD research among military
personnel, making it difficult to determine the
effectiveness of treatments and support. There
are some diversities of sociocultural factors in
military populations can affect how treatment
and support are perceived and responded to.
Despite these limitations, researching PTSD
among military personnel remains crucial for
improving the diagnosis, treatment, and support
for this vulnerable population. The study
provides valuable insights into the diagnosis,
treatment, and support of military personnel with
PTSD. Future research could delve deeper into
refining intervention strategies based on the
specific needs and experiences of different
subgroups within the military population.
Bibliographic references
Agah, N. N. (2022). Post-Deployment
Difficulties and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms among Married
Ghanaian Army Personnel. The Moderating
Role of Post-Deployment Social Support.
Military Behavioral Health, 10(4), 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2022.2040
660
Bookwalter, D. B., Roenfeldt, K. A.,
LeardMann, C. A., Kong, S. Y.,
Riddle, M. S., & Rull, R. P. (2020).
Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of
selected autoimmune diseases among US
military personnel. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2432-9
Bowd, R., & Özerdem, A. (2013). How to assess
social reintegration of ex-combatants. Journal
of Intervention and Statebuilding, 7(4),
453-475. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2012.7275
37
Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Horton, J. L.,
Powell, T. M., LeardMann, C. A.,
Volume 13 - Issue 74
/ February 2024
297
http:// www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Boyko, E. J., Wells, T. S., Hooper, T. I.,
Gackstetter, G. D., & Smith, T. C. (2012).
Trajectories of trauma symptoms and
resilience in deployed US military service
members: Prospective cohort study. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 317-323.
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096552
Brownlow, J. A., Zitnik, G. A., McLean, C. P., &
Gehrman, P. R. (2018). The influence of
deployment stress and life stress on Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnosis
among military personnel. Journal of
Psychiatric Research, 103, 26-32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.
005
Chovhaniuk, O., Bashkirova, L., Meleha, K., &
Yakymenko, V. (2023). Study of the state of
health in the conditions of constant numerous
transitional and intermediate stages. Futurity
Medicine, 2(2), 26-33.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2023.06.30.03
Dobrovolska, N., Moroz, L., Shpak, M.,
Tsekhmister, Y., & Vovchenko, O. (2021).
Мotivational mechanisms of emotional
intelligence development in рracticing
psychologists. AD ALTA: Journal of
Interdisciplinary Research, 11(2), 54-59.
https://www.magnanimitas.cz/ADALTA/11
0221/papers/A_08.pdf
de la Espriella, R., Pingel, E. S., & Falla, J. V.
(2010). The (de)construction of a psychiatric
diagnosis: PTSD among former guerrilla and
paramilitary soldiers in Colombia. Global
Public Health, 5(3), 221-232.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17441691003709430
Duel, J., Godier-McBard, L., MacLean, M. B., &
Fossey, M. (2019). Challenging missions:
vulnerable veterans leaving the armed forces
and promising avenues to support them. In
Military Veteran Reintegration (p. 95-134).
Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-
815312-3.00006-1
Engel, C.C., Jaycox, L.H., Freed, M.C.,
Bray, R.M., Brambilla, D., Zatzick, D.,
Litz, B., Tanielian, T., Novak, L.A.,
Lane, M.E., Belsher, B.E., Olmsted, K.L.R.,
Evatt, D.P., Vandermaas-Peeler, R.,
Unützer, J., & Katon, W. J. (2016). Centrally
Assisted Collaborative Telecare for
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and
Depression Among Military Personnel
Attending Primary Care. JAMA Internal
Medicine, 176(7), 948.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.
2402
Gordiychuk, O. (2017, September 24). 93%
without a Friend: veterans and psychologists
speak frankly about the threat of PTSD.
Novynarnya - news of Ukraine at war.
https://acortar.link/zEoCDo
Hill & Ponton. (n.d.). Veterans Statistics - PTSD.
Retrieved from:
https://www.hillandponton.com/veterans-
statistics/ptsd/
Hourani, L., Williams, J., Bray, R., & Kandel, D.
(2015). Gender differences in the expression
of PTSD symptoms among active duty
military personnel. Journal of Anxiety
Disorders, 29, 101-108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.00
7
Hussain, N. (2022). The correlation between risk
factors of COVID-19 and nervous system
damage: Pakistan based Analysis. Futurity
Medicine, 1(3), 22-29.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.09.30.03
Hrynzovskyi, A. M., Bielai, S. V.,
Kernickyi, A. M., Pasichnik, V. I.,
Vasischev, V. S., & Minko, A. V. (2022).
Medical, social, and psychological aspects of
assisting the families of the military
personnel of Ukraine who performed combat
tasks in extreme conditions. Medical news,
75(1), 310-317.
https://doi.org/10.36740/wlek202201228
Ilina-Stohniienko, V., & Malets, M. (2022).
Regarding the modernisation of medical care
system for victims of armed conflicts
(Ukrainian experience). Futurity Medicine,
1(3), 30-42.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.09.30.04
Kaminskyy, V., & Viesova, O. (2022).
Innovative activities in healthcare institutions
of the future: models for overcoming
dilemmas. Futurity Medicine, 1(1), 17-26.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.03.25.02
Kryvolapchuk, V., & Protsyk, L. (2020).
Psychological and legal features of
reintegration of combatants. Science and law
enforcement, (2), 295-306.
https://naukaipravoohorona.com/journal/ukr/
2020_2/32.pdf
MacGregor, A. J., Joseph, A. R., Walker, G. J.,
& Dougherty, A. L. (2020). Co-occurrence of
hearing loss and posttraumatic stress disorder
among injured military personnel: A
retrospective study. BMC Public Health,
20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-
08999-6
Maldonado, W. S., García, E. R., Garcia, A. M.,
Galán, R., Gutiérrez, J. A., & Asensio, J. A.
(2024). Lessons learned in military trauma in
Colombia. In Current Therapy of Trauma
and Surgical Critical Care (p. 7.e28–7.e35).
Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-
323-69787-3.00015-0
298
www.amazoniainvestiga.info ISSN 2322- 6307
Marx, B. P., & Gutner, C. A. (2015).
Posttraumatic stress disorder: Patient
interview, clinical assessment, and diagnosis.
У A practical guide to PTSD treatment:
Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic
approaches. (с. 35–52). American
Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/14522-004
Melnyk, Y., Prykhodko, І. І., & Stadnik, A. V.
(2019). Medical-psychological support of
specialists’ professional activity in extreme
conditions. Minerva Psichiatrica, 60(4),
158-168. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-
1772.19.02025-9
McLean, C. P., Zandberg, L., Brown, L.,
Zang, Y., Benhamou, K., Dondanville, K. A.,
Yarvis, J. S., Litz, B. T., Mintz, J.,
Young‐McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., &
Foa, E. B. (2019). Guilt in the Treatment of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Active
Duty Military Personnel. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 616-624.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22416
Palmer, L., Thandi, G., Norton, S., Jones, M.,
Fear, N. T., Wessely, S., & Rona, R. J.
(2019). Fourteen-year trajectories of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
symptoms in UK military personnel, and
associated risk factors. Journal of Psychiatric
Research, 109, 156-163.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.
023
Napryeyenko, O., Napryeyenko, N.,
Marazziti, D., Loganovsky, K., Mucci, F.,
Loganovskaja, T., & Tsekhmister, Y. (2019).
Depressive Syndromes Associated with
Alcohol Dependence. Clin Neuropsychiatry,
16(5-6), 206-212.
https://doi.org/10.36131/clinicalnpsych2019
050603.
Rakhimov, T., & Mukhamediev, M. (2022).
Implementation of digital technologies in the
medicine of the future. Futurity Medicine,
1(2), 12-23.
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.06.30.02
Rona, R. J., Jones, M., Sundin, J., Goodwin, L.,
Hull, L., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. T. (2012).
Predicting persistent posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) in UK military personnel
who served in Iraq: A longitudinal study.
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(9),
1191-1198.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.05.
009
Simon, N., Roberts, N. P., Lewis, C. E.,
van Gelderen, M. J., & Bisson, J. I. (2019).
Associations between perceived social
support, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
and complex PTSD (CPTSD): Implications
for treatment. European Journal of
Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1573129.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1573
129
Sommer, J. L., Mota, N., Thompson, J. M.,
Asmundson, G. J., Sareen, J.,
Bernstein, C. N., Marrie, R. A., &
El-Gabalawy, R. (2022). Associations
between courses of posttraumatic stress
disorder and physical health conditions
among Canadian military personnel. Journal
of Anxiety Disorders, 87, 102543.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.10254
3
Thoene, U., García Alonso, R., &
Blanco Bernal, C. A. (2020). Memory and
Trauma: Soldier Victims in the Colombian
Armed Conflict. SAGE Open, 10(3),
215824402094069.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020940696
U. S. Departament of veterans affairs (s.f).
PTSD: National Center for PTSD. Retrieved
from: https://acortar.link/Vm5d2l
Vostrotin, O., & Litovchenko, T. (2023). Clinical
and paraclinical features of
psychopathological disorders in right
hemisphere stroke. Futurity Medicine, 2(3),
29-40. doi:
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2023.09.30.04
Vujanovic, A. A., Niles, B., Pietrefesa, A.,
Schmertz, S. K., & Potter, C. M. (2011).
Mindfulness in the treatment of posttraumatic
stress disorder among military veterans.
Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice, 42(1), 24-31.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022272
Walsh, T. B., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2020).
Fathering Across Military Deployment and
Reintegration. In Handbook of Fathers and
Child Development (p. 551–561). Cham:
Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51027-
5_33
Zang, Y., Gallagher, T., McLean, C. P.,
Tannahill, H. S., Yarvis, J. S., & Foa, E. B.
(2017). The impact of social support, unit
cohesion, and trait resilience on PTSD in
treatment-seeking military personnel with
PTSD: The role of posttraumatic cognitions.
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 86, 18-25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.11.
005